Sunday, July 21, 2019
Heavy Metal Accumulation Within Urban Regions of China
Heavy Metal Accumulation Within Urban Regions of China Word Count: 1944 Introduction The adverse health effects associated with heavy metal accumulation within the body are well documented with problems leading to cardiovascular, nervous system, blood and bone diseases. Heavy metals can be easily transferred to human bodies directly through inhalation, ingestion, and absorption from the skin. The predominant pathway of ingestion is through the soil-crop system due to the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural areas. This is quite prevalent in rural areas of China as waste water is recycled to tend crops which provide the food for the urban population. Alongside wastewater irrigation, solid waste disposal and sludge applications; vehicular exhaust and industrial activities are the major sources of soil contamination with heavy metals, resulting in an increased metal uptake by the food crops grown on such contaminated soils (Khan et al. 2008). In the urban environment itself, a wide range of toxic substances can be released during recycling and disposal in indust rial processes which cause environmental damage and threaten public health. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and chromium are an important class of hazardous chemicals that can be released from out-dated industrial practices. Therefore a relationship exists with a high population density within China’s urban centres and heavy metal accumulation within the urban environments (soils, atmosphere and drinking water). Industry and economic activities are more concentrated in urban areas, and cities have become the geographic focus of resource consumption and chemical emissions, which cause many environmental problems (Luo et al. 2012). Heavy industries such as metal smelting, manufacturing, energy production, construction and the coal/fuel combustion techniques associated with the mentioned industries are usually localised within the urban centres of China. This is due to their close proximity to the large percentage of the urbanised population who commute to thei r workplaces, and also double up as consumers (and polluters). Because of this, industries release harmful pollutants as by-products into the atmosphere, or can infiltrate the drinking water, and/or affect soils within close proximity. Heavy metals in urban soils may come from various human activities such as vehicle exhaust, waste disposal, as well as coal and fuel combustion (Chen et al. 2005). A recent emergence is that of electronic waste recycling which is infamous for releasing heavy metals. Biophysical and Socioeconomic Background The cause for the environmental degradation which effects are now widely seen in China are by no means an issue that has sprung up overnight. Domestically, the modernisation drive of the Chinese government over the past 30 years has been the main contributor for the environmental degradation, in that the priority of urbanisation, industrialisation, and a stronger economy with the intent of increasing the standard of living for its citizens (reflected by higher consumption) has placed environmental concerns as inconsequential. Because of this, environmental policies over the past 30 years have been considerably lax or non-existent due to conflicting with economic targets. This deregulation by the environmental sector of the government has granted China unprecedented growth and surpass economic goals, but at great consequence to the environment with widespread pollution in all the major cities. Only recently has the Chinese government realised the magnitude of their actions on the envi ronment which have been revealed through recent studies. The first national soil pollution survey conducted between 2005 and 2013 by the Chinese government’s Environmental Protection Ministry showed that 16.1% of China’s soil and 19.4% of its arable land was contaminated with cadmium, nickel and arsenic (BBC, 2014). China’s rapid and extended period of industrial development with subsequent high pollutant emissions has left many regions with deteriorated land quality and soil pollution. Compared to the surveys conducted between 1986 and 1990, levels of inorganic materials were markedly higher. This has dire consequences for the food security of the Chinese people and both the global community, as China currently relies heavily on grain imports to satisfy the needs of its citizens. The Chinese government set the minimum arable land for food production just over 300 million acres, of which this recent study has shown their available arable land does not meet this minimum meaning that China lacks agricultural self-sufficiency (Pei, 2014). Reversal of the degradation is costly and generally avoided, thus the Chinese government is opting to invest in foreign land and agriculture. Many of the recent surveys and research conducted by the government has had loose affiliation with scientific bodies and subsequently distorted evidence with the intent to strengthen political and economic motives, while masking the true nature of the situation. As a result, initial conservative estimations made by the government are insufficient and by no means an accurate representation of the environmental issues facing China. Internationally, the demand for cheaper Chinese labour and consumables has only perpetuated and reinforced the economic drive and manufacturing capabilities of China over the past 30 years – with the environment suffering due to inadequate regulation, economic priorities and a lack of perception for wider issues such as environmental. Specifically, with the expansion of the global market and increased demand for electrical and electronic products (and their short lifespan), electronic waste has become one of the most rapidly growing problems pertaining to waste in the world. A great quantity of electronic waste originating from developed countries has been transferred to developing countries such as China, India, and some African countries where electronic waste is processed using less advanced technology. A wide range of toxic substances can be released during the recycling and disposal and cause environmental damage and threaten public health, especially those of heavy metal s (Zheng et al. 2013). Management Approaches in the Past It was in 1973 where the Chinese government held its first national conference on environmental protection. For the following 20 years, emphasis was placed on pollution control and prevention as the major cities faced industrial and pesticide pollution. Again in 1983 environmental protection was announced as one of the two basic state policies (the other being family planning, or notoriously known as the ‘one child policy’). However proper action to environmental impact has only occurred relatively recently (the mid to late 1990’s) marked by the issuing of the national strategy of sustainable development: ‘Ten strategic Policies for Environment and Development’ and in 1994 the publishing of ‘Agenda 21’. Subsequently, China has implemented a strategy of two fundamental transformations – the transition from a planned economic system to a socialistic market economic system (Wang 2010). Policies within the 1990’s focused mainly on point source control of pollution from industries, and heavily around catchment systems (due to the problem of contaminated water) in contrast to remediation of areas affected by pollution. As is still problematic today, government bodies responsible for the implementation are hindered by weak institutional capacities and generally lack experience in the new field of environmental management (Wang 2010) leading to confusion between local and central governments in relation to the arbitration of policies. Guidelines of environmental protection have been established through many separate rules and regulations authorised by different government entities at different phases adding to this disarray. Local governments also lacked the financial capacity to compensate residents in natural reserves causing conflict within the communities. Centralisation of this organisation appears to be an ongoing process. Similarly, it is all well and good announcing what is going to be done (albeit vag uely) but whether or not action is taken is another matter. Adding to this significance is that the Chinese government is both the regulator and polluter in many instances, and must realise this. Management Approaches at Present and for the Future Presently, the government has specific planned efforts to protect species and ecosystems and have greatly increased over the past decade, but effectiveness has not kept pace with degradation. Major problems exist such as low levels of staff training, inadequate funding and rampant commercial development. The central government’s large-scale payment for ecosystem services campaigns are remarkable in terms of funding and longevity but program effectiveness remains unclear due to a general lack of science based assessment and conflicting outcomes with positive results that meet program goals (Grumbine Xu 2013). The issue of heavy metal accumulation within soils (be it rural or urban) is not directly targeted with China’s environmental management plans of the future. Although management plans incorporate the cleaning up of industries and practices which will hopefully have flow down affects leading to the reduction of problematic pollution (namely, heavy metals). These new ly implemented, almost ‘ad hoc’ environmental standards may not be up to speed to match the ever increasing economic growth and continual urbanisation. Similarly, implementing policy is one thing, enforcing it is another. In rural areas, China did not begin to invest in water pollution control until 2008 with the Ministries of Environmental Protection and Agriculture expecting coverage of 10% of all villages by 2015. In 2012 and again in 2013, the State Council and Ministry of Environmental Protection issued new national policies and funding to strengthen water use and decrease pollution, but institutional reforms necessary for improved implementation have not been addressed (Grumbine Xu 2013). Reformation of current environmentally specific laws (water, biodiversity, conservation) and forging of legal management mandates between provinces and government bureaus within their specific areas, alongside encouraging more policy participation from citizens, non-government o rganisations and businesses is desirable. Some of these reforms go against current government norms, but international scholars believe that significant environmental degradation impacts (such as water scarcity or hazardous materials) will drive more cooperative institutional behaviour (Grumbine Xu 2013). There is little interdisciplinary framework to address the lack of policy connections within and across China’s social–ecological systems. At the national level, ministerial actions often lack coordination and officials often do not have the capacity to enforce regulations. There are disconnects between central and local decision making; at local levels, Beijing’s edicts are subject to behaviour where officials often act contrary to central government mandates resulting in poor policy implementation. With environmental problems now openly acknowledged but solutions still far off, and already-unprecedented urbanisation rates gaining speed. But there still are n o functional national-level regulations in place to guide the largest and most rapid urban expansion in world history (Grumbine Xu 2013). Conclusions and Recommendations After three decades of unconstrained economic growth, China’s social and ecological debts are coming due. The new Chinese leadership has a full agenda yet measured against broad adaptive capacity standards, thus the government remains weak at solving complex, cross-cutting problems. Experts are in agreement that open information exchange, government transparency, institutional coordination, public and private sector participation, iterative decision making and conflict resolution are critical to resolving environmental and social issues under 21st century conditions. These capacities may have little to do with supporting economic expansion under a command-and-control decision making system, but they are recommended repeatedly to solve governance problems in a world of decreasing resources and increasing uncertainty. China must realise that it is both the polluter and regulator so must mediate the two with particularly stronger enforcement of environmental concerns. Short term economic goals should not outweigh the long term importance of the environmental order. Soil is an important component of urban ecosystems, thus its quality must be recognised and integrated into environmental monitoring and management programs. Extensive investigations into urban soil contamination in China have been conducted in the last 25 years but prove inadequate. Given the importance of urban soils, future research should focus on making comprehensive assessments of urban soil quality for better city planning and the sustainable management of urban soil resources. Since metals and organic pollutants have been found many cities of China, these and other emerging contaminants should be included in a multi-compartmental environmental surveillance of urban areas. Biological indicators could be used such as plant, soil invertebrate and microbial assays leading to an improved assessment of soil quality than physico-chemical measurements alone. Attention should be paid towards semi- rural and peri-urban agriculture practices with potential to human health implications. In addition to routine urban soil surveys, a land use-based and environmental availability-based integrated risk assessment framework of pollutants for urban soils needs to be developed in China (Luo et al. 2012). References BBC news China, 18th April 2014, ‘Report: One fifth of China’s soil contaminated’ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-27076645 Chen H, Zheng C, Tu C, Zhu Y, 1999, ‘Heavy metal pollution I soils in China: Status and countermeasures’, Ambio, Vol. 28, pp. 130-134 Chen TB, Zheng YM, Lei M, Huang ZC, Wu HT, Chen H, Fan KK, Yu K, Wu X and Tian QZ, 2005, ‘Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China’, Chemosphere, Vol. 60, pp. 542-551 Grumbine RE Xu J, 2013, ‘Recalibrating China’s environmental policy: The next 10 years’, Biological Conservation, Vol. 166, pp. 287-292 Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng YM, Huang YZ and Zhu YG, 2008, ‘Heath risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China’, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 152, pp. 686-692 Luo X, Shen Y, Zhu Y, Li X, 2012, ‘Trace metal contamination in urban soils of China’, Science of the Total Environment, pp. 17-30 Pei M, 18th April 2014, ‘China’s soil pollution: It’s much worse than you think’, Fortune Magazine, http://fortune.com/2014/04/18/chinas-soil-pollution-its-much-worse-than-you-think/ Wang L, 2010, ‘The changes of China’s environmental policies in the latest 30 years’, Procedia Environmental Sciences, Vol. 2, pp. 1206-1212 Zheng J, Chen K, Yan X, Chen S, Hu G, Peng X, Yuan J, Mai B, Yang Z, 2013, ‘Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health’, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 96, pp. 205-212
Saturday, July 20, 2019
The Basic Informational Macromolecules Biology Essay
The Basic Informational Macromolecules Biology Essay Nucleic acids are the basic informational macromolecules that contributes to the most essential characteristic properties of living system, reproduction and genetic conttrols. Lower and higher molecular weight of nucleic acids are utilized in metabolic and catalytic reactions respectively. DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acid of polymers composed of nitrogenous base either a double ring of purines and single ring of pyrimidine which is further connected to the phosphorylated sugar to make up the nucleotides.The sugar attached with base without phosphate group is called nucleoside.The DNA molecule has sugar 2-deoxyribose and RNA molecule has ribose and every backbone of DNA or RNA chain are linked by covalent phosphodiester bond between 5and 3carbons of two sugars either from 5>3 or 3>5 directions. Phosphate groups are attached at the end of the sugar at 5-carbon and at the 3end ,the hydroxyl group is added.Most probably all natural DNA or RNA polymer extend in a direction of 5to 3end direction.The structures that join the nulceotides together in DNA and RNA are called phosphodiester bonds due the presence of phosphoric acid linkage between the two sugars(fig.1) Fig.1 RNA nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds between 3-OH and 5-C. (RNA structure,n.d) Structures of DNA DNA(deoxyrinucleic acid)is the linear of nucleic acids which is composed of four different building blocks of nucleotides and is lack of one oxygen atom at carbon2(fig.2) and as a result it is named as deoxyribose sugar. Fig.2 Structure of DNA. (DNA Structure,n.d) DNA is commonly found in nucleous and scientist called Erwin Chargaff found that DNA has four nucleotide bases namely pyrimidine(cytosine and thymine)and purine(adenine and guanine) (fig.3) Purines: a)                   Adenine A       Guanine G Pyrimidines: b)                   Thymine T Cytosine C Fig.3.Structure of DNA bases. (DNA and RNA Structures,n.d) The total amount of pyrimidine nucleotide bases thymine+cytosine is always equal to the total amount of purine nucleotide bases adenine+guanine.The amount of thymine is always equal to the amount of adenine(A=T)and the amount of cytosine is always equal to the amount of guanine(G ºC).But the amount of adenine +thymine is not necessarily equal to the amount of guanine+cytosine. ( Gupta ,P.K., 2000) The Double Helix Structure By the study of x-ray diffration, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens suggested that DNA has a helical structure with a diameter of 20A and 34A distance in the helix(fig.4a). DNA consists of two helix which the two chains are coiled around the same axis to form a right-handed helix and they can be separated from one another only by uncoiling. The backbone of altertnating deoxyribose and phosphate groups are placed outside the helix facing the surrounding water(hydrophilic) whereas the bases are inside the helix(hydrophobic) and are set in a plane at right angle to the long axis.The right-handed DNA forms are called B-DNA having 3.4A distance between the two base pairs and it has 10 base pairs in each turn. DNA can also exist as left-handed and since left-handed DNA follow a zig-zag way,it is called as Z-DNA.The main difference between Z-DNA and B-DNA is that in Z-DNA,one complete helix has 12 base pairs per turn whereas B-DNA has only 10 base pairs per turn. (Gupta,P.K., 2000) Fig.4)a) Structure of double helix, b) DNA structure showing parallel and anti-parallel, c) double helix showing minor and major grooves. (DNA Structures,n.d) In double helix,the two strands of DNA runs opposite in direction ie,5> 3and 3> 5 which means the two strands should be parallel or anti-parallel to make the stabilized structure and hold the two polynucleotides together.There is an interaction of base-pair between the adenine on one strand and a thymine on the other(A=T) and similarly between cytosine and guanine (G ºC (fig.4b) with hydrogen bond two and three rrespectively.These pairing of this two strands creates minor and major grooves on the surfaces of double helix(fig.4c) . In DNA double helix,one strand act as parent strand and the other new strand as template which synthesize complementary daughter strands(fig.5).The double helix is hold together by H-bonding between complementary base pairs and base stacking interaction. (Voet,D. Et al Fig.5 DNA replication. Each strand of a parental DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary daughter strand. (Voet,D. et al,2006) Structure of RNA RNA(ribonucleic acid) is the second type of nucleic acid found in throuhtout the cell. In case of RNA , it has a sugar and an -OH group at 2 carbon atom(fig.6). Fig.6 Structure of ribose. (RNA Structure,n.d) Similarly, RNA has also four nucleotide bases as purine and pyrimidine(fig.7) except the thymine is replaced by uracil in pyrimidine. Purines:                   Adenine A       Guanine G Pyrimidines:                   Uracil U                  Cytosine C Fig.7 Structures of RNA bases. (RNA and DNA Structures,n.d) Though RNA is single -stranded structure ,when RNA fold back on itself ,by chance or occasional base pairing and hydrogen bonding ,it forms some of a paired helical structure (fig.8) which results in three dimensional structure and they are copmplex and unique. They form intra-strand base pairs from self complementary region along the chain. Fig.8 Base pairing within a single strand of RNA showing a possible folded structure. (RNA Structure,n.d) The information from RNA determines the protein synthesis through the series of translation which involves three types of RNA molecules to perform different functions: 1)Messenger RNA(mRNA)Structure Messenger RNA(mRNA) is a linear sequence of amino acid in polypeptide chain and has longer chain than the reading frame that has to be translated.To begin and end translation , specific start and stop codons are required. Mostly mRNAs has start (initiator) codons AUG that can be served as methionine codon at 5carbon.. Occasionally GUG and CUG can alsobe used as initiator codon in some of the bacterial and eukaryotic mRNA respectively. GUG codes for valine and CUG for leucine to initiate a protein chain. The stop codon are UAA, UGA and UAG and do not code for any amino acid. The stop codon indicates that translation is to be terminated and the ribosome has to be released polypeptide product. The sequence of start and stop codon are called a reading frame. Codon having overlapping information, mRNA can be translated to different reading frames and formed different polypeptides(fig.9). Each genetic code specifies different amino acids and rarely unusual coding occurs. ( Lodish, etal , 1986) Frame 1 5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ GCU UGU UUA CGA AUU A à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ mRNA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ Ala Cys Leu Arg Ile à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ polypeptide 1 Frame 2 5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ G CUU GUU UAC GAA UUA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ mRNA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ Leu Val Tyr Glu Leu à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ polypeptide 2 Figure 9; Multiple reading frames in an mRNA sequence ( Lodish , etal , 1986) 2)Transfer RNA(tRNA) Structure Transfer RNA(tRNA) is an adaptor molecule that serve as a bridge between mRNA and the amino acids leading to the Polypeptide chain.tRNA exists in primary,secondary and tertiary structure. A tRNA molecule is chemically linked to amino acids through a bond forming an aminoacyl-tRNA. The general structure of tRNA is represented by Cloverleaf model(fig.10). The anticodon at the bottom is complementary to the mRNA codon with the pairing of base to it. Due to the presence of mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon, base-pairing is in anti-parallel directions.Amino acids are attached to the acceptor stem at the 3 terminus having sequence CCA and protrudes beyond the 5 end. The dihydrouracil loop(D loop)contained always uracil base and TCG loop has invariant sequence of bases.Variable loop has variation in both nucleotides composition and in length. (Lodish,et al,1986) Fig.10. Structure of tRNA. (RNA-Ribonucleic acid,n.d) 3)Ribosome RNA(rRNA) Sructures Ribosome RNA(rRNA) carries ribosome particles and consists of one small and one large subunit ribosome and protein. The rRNA is the largest structure among the RNAs. Each of the subunits composed of one to three rRNA s types and as many as protein components. Comparing to prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells are larger and more particles whereas the eukaryotes has 40s and 60s with 80s for complete ribosome. Functions of DNA †¢ DNA serve as a storage materials for genetic information in all living cells. †¢ Due to the double helical structure,DNA provides more stability storing more genetic information since the double bond required more force to break up the structures . †¢ DNA is building block of the protein synthesis which takes by the process of Central Dogma relationship.Genetic information from the DNA is transcribed to mRNA carrying the genetic codon and later translated to the polypeptide chain. †¢ DNA provides for long term storage of genetic information due to the presence of deoxyribose sugar at 2carbon,thus preventing the formation of cyclic phosphate ester since hydrogen cannot hydrolysis the phosphodiester bond, whereas 2hydroxyl group in RNA act as a nucleophile attacking the phosphodiester bond and results in less efficiency of storing information. (Lodish, ea al,1986) †¢ DNA act as template or semiconservative.During the replication of double helix,DNA double strsnded DNA that consists of one old (template) strand and one new daughter strand. two ddaughter duced pronew daughter strand.This two new DNA molecules is identical to the parents molecule and this type of conservation of old template strand is called semiconservative. †¢ The major and minor grooves formed during the coiling or wounding of duoble strands provides the reading of protein binding DNA.s ( Lodish, etal, 1986) Function of mRNAs: †¢ mRNA carries genetic information which is transcribed from DNA in a linear sequence of amino acid to a peptide chain. †¢ mRNA carries three codons for a specific amino acids.AUG act as start codon for a specified amino acids at 5 and UAA, UAG and UGA as stop codon or termination of translation. Function of tRNA: †¢ The main function of aminoacyl-tRNA is to recognise the specific codon for the activation of correct amino acids. †¢ tRNA make sure that the amino acid are placed in correct sequence to the growing peptide chain during the interaction of codon with the specific anticodon. †¢ Helps in Abinding the growing peptide chain to the ribosome during translation process. ( Conn, E.E.,1987) Function of rRNA: †¢ rRNA could serve as template RNA . †¢ rRNA with ribosome particles provides shapes and structure during protein synthesis. It also helps in speeding or catalysing the chemical reaction by enzyme called ribozymes. The main difference between the DNA and RNA structures are that DNA has deoxyribose sugar and lack one oxygen at carbon 2,wheraes in RNA has ribose sugar and one -OH group attached at carbon 2. DNA is double stranded in nature ,providing more stability than single stranded RNA. Again one big difference is that the presence of thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA srtucture. The main difference in the function of DNA and RNA is that the DNA functions mainly for the storage of genetic informations and the RNA as transcription and translation of genetic informations. Since the DNA is double helix that wound around the plane of the helix hiding the base -paired inside the helix that prevents from contacting with water(hydrophobic) this base pairing interaction provides more stability to the nucleic acids storing more genetic information.In both DNA and RNA base pairing between G ºC provides more stronger and stable bond than the A=T since it requires more force to break up the three H-bonding of G ºC than the A=T. In DNA , thymine is present and instead of thymine uracil is replaced in RNA .Since thymine contain methyl group , this base act as a protection and moreover methyl is strongly neutral. It is methylated group and methylation newly suppresses the migration of DNA segments. These all reasons provides that DNA is strongly stable than RNA nucleic acid. Again methylation can help in identifying the parental (template) strands from newly synthesized strands in DNA strands. Each of the 3end of the sugar are used to initiate the genetic exchange and this point act as primer for DNA replication. The attachment of more ribosome on mRNA provides high sedimentation rate than the unattached ribosomes which means the polyribosome or polysome complexes are actively synthesizing protein than single ribosomes. (Strickberger,M.W.,1976)
After Apple Picking :: After Apple Picking
After Apple Picking In Frost's poetry any deviation, not only from the iambic foot but from the iambic pentameter line as well, is an important marker of the speaker's state of mind, his control, and his capacity for irony. "After Apple Picking" keeps resolutely returning to pentameter lines, but the speaker is drowsy, and the opening twelve-syllable line - "My long two-pointed ladder's sticking through a tree" - is like the last murmured words before sleep. Of course, it also represents, as does the whole masterful structure of the poem, Frost's own precise control of tone, as he creates a speaker who is precariously "upon [his] way to sleep." This fatigued vulnerability manifests itself in an escalating slippage of control from ten-syllable lines to foreshortened lines like "For all / That struck the earth," or eleven-syllable lines like "No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble." And as the speaker moves toward an increasing intuition of the symbolic underpinnings of his exhaustion, which is t he result not just of his picking apples but of other more visceral frustrations and fears, the frequency of these variations increases. (Lines 1, 2, 14, 16, 18, 19, 25, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, and 42 vary from the pentameter; only lines 18 and 34 are extra-syllabic.) His awareness and fear of this loss of control are manifested in the final lines: The woodchuck could say whether it's like his Long sleep, as I describe its coming on, Or just some human sleep. What he fears is not so much death as the very state the poem has mimicked - that is, a suspension between not-life and not-death where language is narcotized toward incoherence and uncontrol. . . . . Matter . . . makes itself felt even as it capitulates to its own variable nature. If the apple will fall in "After Apple Picking," if it, like the speaker on his way to dreaming, is about to go bruised to the cider heap where it will be pressed into an essence of itself, it nonetheless maintains through all its transmutations an identifiable appleness. The apple holds, against the authoritative prosodic erosion of waking reality into dream state, its own sensual place as an essential ingredient in the spell to which the speaker is succumbing.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Free Essays - To Kill a Mockingbird - What is a Classic? :: Free Essay Writer
What is a classic? One definition given by the dictionary is: having lasting significance or worth; enduring. When examined closely we can discover what makes the novel unique and memorable. There are many important messages in Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird, which make it memorable to the reader. The main message in this novel is about racism, how people around you, not just parents have a strong influence on you when you are growing up, and how rumors and misjudging can make a person look bad. Judging other people without knowledge of the facts is also a common occurrence. Nearly the whole last half of the book is about racism. The attitude of the whole town is that Tom Robinson, because he is black and,"†¦all Negroes lie,†¦all Negroes are basically immoral beings,†¦all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women†¦"(Lee 207), will be found guilty regardless of how good a case Atticus makes for him. There was substantial amount of evidence that suggests his innocence. Even the prosecution's two witnesses' stories contradicted each other. The jury did not give a guilty verdict it gave a racist verdict. Not a verdict based on fact, but a verdict based on the color of a man's skin. This is important because the author was not making this racism up; it was what it was like in those times. She is trying to show how ignorant and blind people can be just because of differences between them, as well as how society treats racial minorities. During the book Scout and Jem are at an age were people around them greatly affect their thoughts, views and ideas about the world. Although Atticus tried to raise them to treat Negroes as equals, people around them affected their views on them. A good example is when Dill questioned the seemingly rude way which Mr. Gilmer treated Tom Robinson. Scout replied by saying, "†¦after all he's just a Negro." (Lee 201). She believes it to be acceptable. This is not something her father put in her head but people in her town. The same also happens in the black community. When Atticus asks Calpurnia to watch his children for him while he is out, Calpurnia accepts and takes the children with her to church, a church for black people. When she arrives with the children, they are greeted kindly except by a few people. These people use the same reason as in the last example as to why they should not be there, because they are white.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
How Social and Professional Relationships Affect the Learning Process Essay
Explain how social organisations and relationships affect the learning process. When children start school they are will go through short simple assessments to enable them to be put in a group of which an activity or task they are asked to complete is appropriate for their stage and level of learning. The learning process can be affected by many different things in a positive or less positive way. For example When a child has built a relationship with another child whom is more confident at answering questions whether they are correct or not it can work either way in which it can give the child less confidence to answer at all as the more confident child may make fun of them if they knew the right answer or this can be a positive affect where the less confident child will learn from the confident child and give answering questions a go. If we as adults build positive relationships with each other and show our willingness to learn and enthusiasm to learn the positive relationships built with children will then show that the learning process is fun this is giving relationships a positive affect on the learning process. If a child has fallen out with a friend or been hurt by someone in the class this may cause them to become withdrawn and distracted from activities they are wanted to participate in. When teaching children you need to be aware of all the available support so that the child can reach their full potential, if any other organizations are involved you will need to have regular updates on how the child is doing so that if more support is needed this can be given or if they seem to be progressing further then other steps can be taken. It is very important to evaluating learning activities as this will enable the child to reach their full potential, it can be most important when planning activities as it can then give the child and the adult a chance to think about the learning that has taken place. When evaluating the learning activities it can be important as you can then see what works and what doesn’t, you may also find that some things need adapting for the different level of children. When evaluating the learning activities you can also see where you can improve on the way you delivered the activity and what worked best. Some children are easily distracted by others or certain environments that you wish to carry the task or activity out in it is in the child’s best interest to think of where to situate the activity or task in order for the child to reach their full potential because then they can often be brought back round to focus and have the motivation to carry out what is asked of them i f the child has many distraction this can lead to the child not paying any interest in the adult and wandering off due to distractions. For example there is a particular child in the class i am in who always wants to go outside and play and often finds anything he can to fiddle with one day i carried out a short activity with this child and a couple of children which was just by the door to outside and there was a few odd bits on the floor for him to fiddle with as soon as we got to this area and through out the activity he ran to the door several times and would pick the various things up from the floor and throw them towards other children and i realised that being in this area doesn’t work with this child not only did it affect their learning but it also affect the other children in the groups learning process as bringing this child back to focus it stopped me from carrying out the task properly so next time i was working with this child i chose a different area away from the door and free from any objects that could distract the child when the activity was finished i saw a difference the child stayed focus ed and motivated on the task and the other children also could complete the task without any interruptions. When evaluating the learning activities it can help with planning future learning activities by looking at the learning objective to measure what the child has learnt, if the learning objective is not thought about carefully at the planning stage it can be almost to tell or evaluate whether the child has achieved the objective. When looking at the knowledge, understanding and skills i have in Literacy, Numeracy and ICT and how they can impact on practise I have a little knowledge, understanding and skills in all these areas that i can use and support the children. Whilst attending sure start i achieved a level 2 in English and have always been good at spelling completing crosswords and writing stories when i was younger. After having my children i went to college in the evening to complete a level 1 in maths although maths isn’t my strong point i feel confident in supporting the children. When my youngest child was at nursery i completed an open technology course which was from January 2009 till December 2009 i achieved entry level 1 and 2 in ict open systems and office applications. When supporting children through these areas you need to work confidently and understand the subject with more experience the more impact it will have on the children’s learning. The knowledge and understanding in these areas have also been helped by having children of my own who have gone through the whole learning process from the beginning and helping them to complete work sent home gives me that little bit more confidence. There are many ways these areas have an impact on practice and the more input and experience i do and get can mean the more confidence i can gain in these subject areas. There are still many ways that i can improve my knowledge, understanding and skills in these areas and i recently had a discussion with the class teacher on what i felt i did well and what i felt and would like to have more support or knowledge below is a plan that me and the teacher have come up with. Literacy improvement plans | With literacy i am new to sounds and pronouncing them the correct way i have already photocopied all of the formations and the actions used in order to sound these right but to reinforce this and gain knowledge of the terminology used the teacher has said about a letters and sounds book which is the principles and practise of high quality phonics. | Numeracy improvement plans| The other day i worked with a group of children who find it hard to concentrate and i know that with children in year r the best way to teach them is through games and play but i’m not confident with creativity of games or leading the games the correct way so the teacher is going to give me some website addresses and a book which has ideas. The teacher has also said she may give a few choices of games to play that are appropriate to what the current learning objective is and allow me to take the lead in what works best for me and the small group of children.| ICT improvement plans | I have lots of ICT knowledge with programs and adult use but to support children to use the computers i am a little nervous about. The teacher and i discussed working on the computers with a few children playing through the games on computers and picking up skills through experiencing them first hand or some extra time to run through them by myself. The school also uses a smart board which is linked to a laptop i haven’t had much chance to work on this so the teacher has set up a few group activities for me to carry out using the smart board these have been numeracy games so far so interlinking the numeracy and ICT development plans that i wish to achieve.
Cumberland Case Essay
1. Whats your expenditure for the change surface admixture expands? wherefore? (3)2. How attractive an opportunity is this for CMI? (7)3. How are you handout to commercialise place these flesh outs? Describe your merchandising plan. (8)4. What are you going to say to the Colerick conception? exhibit 1CMI was whizz of the largest manufacturers of curling surface harvest-times in US with an 80% commercialize fortune. CMIs sales were dipping and attention was non optimistic of maintaining the up-to-date mart share in the long run. Cumberland had a storey of using change surface coatlic element engine room to develop innovative metal harvest-tides equivalent slip-seal to meet the demanding specifications. alive electrical shock pads in the market seem to be meeting the selectiness adequately and hence no specific attention was universe stipendiary to develop in the altogether and proud perform returns. The results of rises of the procedure of parvenu e metal pad had been excellent, exhibiting nearly 33% gain in ability and 20 times more life as compared to as trumpos pads. Beca drug ab physical exertion of the lack of an be market and sales and distribution channels, smart set approach a herculean task of convincing the channels that in that location indeed was a market for the new pad. Existing pads in the market came in precedent diameters but CMIs manufacturing process provided the flexibility to develop pads in any diameter using the same band of curled metal. Because of the lack of statistics on impact pad usage, CMI did non con libertine a sort out idea of the sales mix of the non-homogeneous carrefour sizes.Contractors and Subject matter Experts(Prof. R. Stephan McCormack of pop A&M university ) had expressed heavy(p) enthusiasm about the new pad. At this stage of prior to growth cast and manufacturing, CMI seem to be struggling to specify a responsible contractor to use the product and monitor its pe rformance Opportunities ThreatsNo direct competition for Cumberland existed because of the lack of liaison of foot elbow greasen. This alternative is in breed with the set of online used pads in the test scenario, hence competitive. The avail of this rule is it fulfills the union accusive of 50% markup, is elementary to calculate, and competes well with different pads. Furthermore, proceeding years exit realize a greater than 50% margin since the $150,000 equipment investment lead be eliminated. This approach would work scoop for a schema of extensive market penetration. Since the wrong of the pads are the same current used, CMI involve only to convince consumers of the force and safety advantages to convert them to the new pads. However, this price method does not consider the porta of premium determine due to capability court savings or evaluate added to the customer by using the CMI pads. graphic symbol Presentation curve coat Inc. (CMI) faced a pricing a nd channel market close for metal tamp down dampens utilized during pile crusade. CMIs approach to metal pads has signifi go offt efficiency advantages over currently used pads accessible in the market. However, CMI has to take into account several(prenominal)(prenominal) barriers to entry into this market. The primary barrier is that more or less companies viewed constituent of pads as a requirement assistant or tangent wind in time quite of viewing them as a potentially look on adding or cost reduction part of pile driving. In recite to penetrate the market, CMI has to alter the point of view of pile driving pads for the ruling leaders, engineering firms, and contractors involved in the decision process. at that place is several stakeholders to consider, first CMI that need a new no-hit product to the continued success of the federation. The decisions regarding pile weakens could greatly increase the companys revenues and avails. There are also several suba ltern stakeholders in the pile driving industry. second-string stakeholders include pile hammer manufacturers, architectural consulting engineers, soil consultants, pile hammer distributing/ rent companies,Promotion dodgingPatent? curve coats strategic and merchandising objectivesThere is a need to increase the industrys cognizance for the new pad and to recognize it as a necessity for projects.This sess be achieved by soliciting different influencing parties. Different parties throw a delegacy established ties with their targeted clients. The parties rat easily square up clients.Pile hammer manufacturers, architectural/ Consulting engineers play a role in influencing decisions of contractors by providing recommendations. scrolled alloy should maintain a nigh relationship with these parties and carry out firm visits to introduce the product to them.For independent pile-driving contractors, maestro staff from Curled coat domiciliate be assigned to these contractors to h elp with management at the initial period.Less resource should be allocated on pile hammer distributing and advanced(a) engineering/ construction contractors as it whitethorn be difficult to change their mindsets.This burn down also be achieved through promotion.Curled metal nooky continue to accommodate use of the influence of respected professor Stephen McCormack of Pennsylvania A&M University. Since civilizefirms of the industry are familiar with his research, Curl alloy should value Professor McCormacks influence. Curl metal should publish the test results of the new pads to the industry when it is finalized.Curled Metal demonstrateation limit use of existing offspring on pile-driving jobs, such as okeh Contractor. Curled Metal can have its advertisement featured on the matter to introduce the advantages of the new pads.Curled Metal can also sponsor professional-level seminars and conference for contractors, designers and equipment developers to metamorphose ideas. Curl Metal can make us of the chance where different parties pile up together and promote the new pads to them. Professors can be invited to hold talks and rationalise how the new pads can help cede resources and time. Answered questionsWhat should a customer be free to pay for one of Curled Metal Incorporateds new soften pads? What factors are relevant in work out automaticness to pay in this situation? drum a specific pecuniary evaluate of customer value in this situation. What price should Curled Metal Inc. set for one of its new cushion pads? Why? transport focalize on an 11.5-inch cushion pad. On page 1 of the case, Curled Metal Inc.s vice president Joseph Fernandez says, The way we price this could have a evidentiary impact on everything else we do. An incorporated strategic option specifies the basic type of advantage a company pull up stakes act (e.g., differentiation? low cost? different?), relevant decisions about customer and product scope, and key choice s throughout the companys value chain. interest prepare an integrated strategic option for CMI an option that specifies your price but also specifies the many other choices facing CMI in formulating a strategy for its new cushion pads (e.g., in marketing, sales, distribution, production, finance, and other functions).Case analysis for Curled Metal Inc.1. What should a customer be willing to pay for one of Curled Metal Incorporateds new cushion pads? What factors are relevant in calculating willingness to pay in this situation? Please prepare a specific monetary estimate of customer value in this situation. When calculating the value of CMIs curled metal pads to the customers one has to take a variety of factors into account. These are the total cost per hour of pile driving, the saved cost for driving as well as the savings inchanging time. By calculating the total amount of funds saved when applying the new pads, one can calculate the real value of the product. one real hours expenditure of pile driving is calculated as followsOne real hour has a total cost of $714. We will use this number for further calculations. Below I have calculated the total be for driving time, replacing pads for twain the Kendrick Foundation Company and Corey construction Cumberland Metals Case news report Analysis. 1/9Cumberland Metals faced a both a pricing and channel marketing decision for metal pile cushions utilized during pile driving. Cumberlands approach to pile cushions had significant efficiency advantages over other asbestos methods that were currently available in the 1979 market. However, Cumberland faced several barriers to entry into the pile cushion market. The primary barrier was that most companies viewed role of cushions as a necessary accessory or tangent item instead of viewing cushions as a potentially value adding or cost reducing part of pile driving. In format to penetrate the market, Cumberland would have to alter the lethargic view of pile driv ing cushion pads for the opinion leaders, engineering firms, and contractors involved in the decision process.Key IssuesCumberland needs to consider several marketing decisions.First, they mustiness determine a method for pricing and ultimately a price for the new metal pads. Second, Cumberla nd must decide which channels to market the pads based on the selected pricing strategy. Third, Cumberland must determine how much to invest in manufacturing equipment by estimating market penetration and considering the cost and benefits of investing in pad producing equipment.AnalysisCumberlands new metal pile driving pads provided several benefits over the current asbestos cushions. some(prenominal) Pad features and pricing decisions will be discussed and analyse in this section. First, the safety and hotness properties of the cushions will be analyzed and compared to current asbestos pads. Second, efficiency characteristics will be analyzed and compared with current asbestos pads. Third, several methods of calculating the best price in order to haul the price to the value added for the customer will be discussed. Finally, an analysis of the different marketing channels and marketing strategy will be presented. Safety Presentation MarketingCumberland Metal Industries ( CMI cushion pads)TheProblem Definition For Cumberland Metal Industries the curled metal cushion pads array a great breakthrough. These pads offer the company the opportunity to diversify, and double their sales, given a proper market introduction. Cumberland Industries faces the challenge to stick in the market (promote/advertise) and price their a la mode(p) innovation, the curled metal cushion pads in a way that it reveals the great advantages that the product provides.In order to do that, the company needs to pay attention to certain factors that can influence the success of the product on the market. These factors are promotion and advertising, and the pricing of the metal pads on the market.Ma rketing dodge A raw thing for the company to do is to use the receding strategy in order to place the product on the market. A Niche strategy will focus on a specific world of a service or a product. The advantage of using niche strategy is that it can focus on a specific niche that provides either a large volume of business or small volume with lucrative profit margins.The whole idea behind the niche strategy is that it targets those people who are kindle in the type of product offered. In our case, by placing the CMI metal cushion pads as a niche, Cumberland Metal Industries has the potential of graceful a dominant player on the market.The next step is promoting and advertising the product as such (niche/innovative etc.). What Cumberland Industries should do, is shit a brand. They have a rattling innovative product that has the potential of seemly a huge success. Before the CMI metal pads, the only pads available were the asbestos pads. Those, however, could be found at di verse retailers, and were not powerful marketed. Moreover, it is well known, and proven that the asbestos pads are a hazard to wellness and also there are some government regulations that interdict the use of asbestos.Cumberland Metal Industries determine StrategyExecutive SummaryCumberland Metal Industries (CMI), a company specialized in making of curled metal products, has develop a new product, metal cushion pad with health safety and long durability, to help contractors drive piles faster. Based on the successful tests, CMI now wants to put up this new product to the market. The main challenge CMI is facing is to price its new pads. Since the pad is totally new in the market, CMI should use perceivedvalue pricing method and apply marketing mix programs comprised of advertising, education, and distribution channels to launch this product as well as develop it to get full market share in the future.Perceived Value Pricing strategy for future successCMI should set the objecti ve of this new business to be the monopoly and to maximise profits. However, the prerequisite for this objective is to get a patent to prevent this product from being copied and imitated. As long as CMI did not get patent for this product, CMI should not manage it as it would invite the entry of competitors because this cushion pad is not a high technology product and easy to be copied.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Migrating to New Cities: Overcoming Challenges
It has been seen that a lot of mass migrate to rising cities or juvenile countries these days. They whitethorn face a number of converts in their modern life, including climatic change, changes in language and the way of take feed. This essay willing give an overview of these changes and how to overcome these challenges. Firstly, we will consider the climatic change. Those who migrate to new countries, by all odds experience sudden changes in the climate.For example, if a person, who die to countries like United Kingdom, whitethorn feel extreme point insentient weather, because most western countries sport cold climate. It will be very trying for a migrant, if they had torrid climate in their own country. This change in climate may create health problems like, cold, sinusitis and head ache. Secondly, language problem. When populate migrate to new cities or countries, they may face language difficulties, especially, if their start tongue is assorted from the new cit y or country.It will affect sight, when they communicate with others. Countries like India have 23 different languages in different states. So, when people prod their houses to these cities they may find it very difficult to mingle with other people. Thirdly, changes in the way of eating food. mint eat food in different ways in different countries. For example, in India, people use their right hand to eat their food. piece in European countries people eat their food with knife and fork and spoon.Therefore, when people migrate to these countries, they may feel it very hard to adjust with the new style. However, we can overcome these changes, by wearing warm clothes like jackets, coats. It will help them to suspend cold. Also they can use heaters to warm up their rooms. Language difficulties may avoid by instruction new languages, before migrates to new cities or countries. People could change their way of eating by practicing with cutleries. In summary, people experience a lot of changes, when they move their houses to a new place.
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