Preeclampsia Case Study

At 0600 Jennie is brought to the Labor and Delivery triage area by her sister. The client complains of a pounding headache for the last 12 hours unrelieved by acetaminophen (Tylenol), swollen hands and face for 2 days, and epigastric pain described as bad heartburn. Her sister tells the nurse, â€Å"I felt like that when I had toxemia during my pregnancy. † Admission assessment by the nurse reveals: today's weight 182 pounds, T 99. 1 ° F, P 76, R 22, BP 138/88, 4+ pitting edema, and 3+ protein in the urine. Heart rate is regular, and lung sounds are clear.Deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) are 3+ biceps and triceps and 4+ patellar with 1 beat of ankle clonus. The nurse applies the external fetal monitor, which shows a baseline fetal heart rate of 130, absent variability, positive for accelerations, no decelerations, and no contractions. The nurse also performs a vaginal examination and finds that the cervix is 1 cm dilated and 50% effaced, with the fetal head at a -2 station. 1. In reviewing Jennie's history, the nurse is correct in concluding that Jennie is in jeopardy of developing a hypertensive disorder because of her age (15).Which other factors add to Jennie's risk of developing preeclampsia? A)  Molar pregnancy, history of preeclampsia in previous pregnancy. INCORRECT While all of these are risk factors for preeclampsia, Jennie has no indications of a molar pregnancy (first trimester vaginal bleeding, size/date discrepancy, or excessive nausea and vomiting), nor has she had any previous pregnancies (gravida 1). B)  Gravidity, familial history. CORRECT Jennie is under 17 years of age, is pregnant for the 1st time, and has a sister with a history of toxemia, which is an old term for preeclampsia that some clients may still use.C)  History of pounding headache, low socioeconomic status. INCORRECT While age and low socioeconomic status (SES) are risk factors, Jennie's SES is unknown. A pounding headache is a symptom, not a risk factor. D)  Low soci oeconomic status (SES), history of pedal edema. INCORRECT Although age and low SES are risk factors, this client's SES is unknown. Pedal edema is common in pregnancy after 32-weeks. 2. To accurately assess this client's condition, what information from the prenatal record is most important for the nurse to obtain? A)  Pattern and number of prenatal visits. INCORRECTIt is important to have early and consistent prenatal care, but this information will not help in the assessment of this client's condition. B)  Prenatal blood pressure readings. CORRECT The client's BP (138/88) is below the guideline that indicates mild preeclampsia. Blood pressure parameters for mild preeclampsia include a reading of 140/90 taken on two occasions 6 hours apart. However, Jennie's reading is significant if it is an increase of 30 mm systolic or 15 mm diastolic from her prenatal levels, particularly in combination with proteinuria and hyperuricemia (uric acid of 6 mg/dl or more).Blood pressure usually remains the same during the first trimester. Both systolic and diastolic then decrease gradually up to 20-weeks gestation. At 20 weeks of gestation, the blood pressure begins to gradually increase and return to 1st trimester levels at term. C)  Prepregnancy weight. INCORRECT The nurse should compare today's weight to Jennie's most recently obtained previous weight, not to the prepregnancy weight. A weight gain of ;2 pounds per week is indicative of mild preeclampsia. D)  Jennie's Rh factor. INCORRECTWhile the Rh factor of the mother is important in determining the need for prophylactic Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM) at 28-weeks and after birth, it is not the most important information at this time. All Rh negative women with negative Coomb's tests are given RhoGam prophylactically at 28-weeks, and then evaluated immediately after birth to determine if another dose of RhoGam is needed. Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia There is no definitive cause of preeclampsia, but the pathophysiol ogy is distinct. The main pathogenic factor is poor perfusion as a result of arteriolar vasospasm.Function in organs such as the placenta, liver, brain, and kidneys can be depressed as much as 40 to 60%. As fluid shifts out of the intravascular compartment, a decrease in plasma volume and subsequent increase in hematocrit is seen. The edema of preeclampsia is generalized. Virtually all organ systems are affected by this disease, and the mother and fetus suffer increasing risk as the disease progresses. Preeclampsia develops after 20 weeks gestation in a previously normotensive woman. Elevated blood pressure is frequently the first sign of preeclampsia.The client also develops proteinuria. While no longer considered a diagnostic measurement of preeclampsia, generalized edema of the face, hands, and abdomen that is not responsive to 12 hours of bedrest is often present. Preeclampsia progresses along a continuum from mild to severe preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, or eclampsia. A client m ay present to the labor unit anywhere along that continuum. 3. What is the pathophysiology responsible for Jennie's complaint of a pounding headache and the elevated DTRs? A)  Cerebral edema. CORRECTAs fluid leaks into the extravascular spaces, organ edema as well as peripheral edema occurs. This, in conjunction with cortical brain spasms, causes headache, increased deep tendon reflexes, and clonus. B)  Increased perfusion to the brain. INCORRECT The hypovolemia that accompanies preeclampsia decreases perfusion to the major organs. C)  Severe anxiety. INCORRECT While Jennie may be very anxious, this is not the pathophysiology involved. D)  Retinal arteriolar spasms. INCORRECT These spasms are the cause of blurred vision and scotoma that often accompany worsening of the disease.Jennie's sister is very concerned about the swelling (edema) in her sister's face and hands because it seems to be worsening rapidly. She asks the nurse if the healthcare provider will prescribe some o f â€Å"those water pills† (diuretics) to help get rid of the excess fluid. 4. Which response by the nurse is correct? A)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"That is a very good idea. I will relay it to the healthcare provider when I call. † INCORRECT Although it is caring to offer to relay family concerns to the healthcare provider, the physician will make the decision on treatment.B)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I'm sorry, but it is not the family's place to make suggestions about medical treatment. † INCORRECT While it is not inappropiate for family members to make suggestions, this answer is not sensitive to the sister's desire to help Jennie. C)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Let me explain to you about the effect of diuretics on pregnancy. † CORRECT The sister may have seen diuretics used for treating fluid retention before (for example, in cardiac disease), but may not be aware of how diuretics affect pregnancy. Diuretics decrease blood flow to the placenta by decreasing blood volume.In the case of the preeclamptic client, this is particularly dangerous because the disease has already caused a volume deficit. In addition, the diuretics disrupt normal electrolyte balance and stress kidneys that are already compromised by preeclampsia. The only time they are used is if the preeclamptic client also has heart failure, but this client has no symptoms of heart failure. D)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Have you by any chance given your sister water pills that belong to someone else? † INCORRECT This could be construed as hostile and accusatory.If the nurse believes further assessment is warranted, the nurse should ask Jennie about any medication she has taken. Admission to the Labor and Delivery Unit At 0630 the nurse calls to report to the healthcare provider, who prescribes the following: admit to labor and delivery, bedrest with bathroom privileges (BRP), IV D5LR at 125 ml/hr, CBC with platelets, clotting studies, liver enzymes, chemistry panel, 24-hour urine collection for protein and uric acid, ice chips only by mouth, nonstress test, hourly vital signs, and DTRs. 5.While awaiting the lab results, which nursing intervention has the highest priority? A)  Teach Jennie the rationale for bedrest. INCORRECT While this is important, it does not have the highest priority. B)  Monitor Jennie for signs of dehydration. INCORRECT This is important because the client is restricted to ice chips only and may already be hypovolemic. However, it is not the highest priority. C)  Educate the client about dietary restrictions. INCORRECT Since Jennie is currently taking ice chips only, this is not the most important intervention at this time. D)  Observe Jennie for CNS changes.CORRECT Central Nervous System (CNS) changes such as severe headache, blurred vision, scotoma (spots before eyes), and photophobia indicate a worsening condition. 6. Which technique should the nurse use when evaluating Jennie's blood pressure while she is on bedrest? A)  Have Jennie lay supine and take the blood pressure on the left arm. INCORRECT The pregnant client should not lie in the supine position because it puts her at risk for vena cava compression and subsequent supine hypotensive syndrome. B)  Have Jennie lie in a lateral position and take the blood pressure on the dependent arm.CORRECT The lateral position supports placental perfusion. The lower (dependent) arm should be positioned so the client is not lying on it, and the blood pressure should be taken in that arm. This more closely approximates arterial pressure. Using the arm on the opposite (upper) side will falsely reduce the measurement. C)  Have the client sit in a chair at the bedside, and take the blood pressure with her left arm at waist level. INCORRECT While sitting is an appropriate position, the arm should be resting on a surface at heart level.In addition, Jennie is on bedrest with bathroom privileges, which does not include sitting up in a chair. D)  Have Jennie stand briefly and take the blood pressure on the right a rm. INCORRECT A standing blood pressure does not provide the most valid reading. In addition, Jennie is on bedrest with bathroom privileges, which does not include standing at the bedside. The nurse performs a nonstress test to evaluate fetal well-being. 7. When performing a nonstress test (NST), the nurse will be assessing for which parameters? A)  Accelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to fetal movement. CORRECTThe basis for the nonstress test is that the normal fetus with an intact CNS will respond to fetal movements by increasing its heart rate (episodic accelerations). A reactive test is one in which the fetus displays at least 2 accelerations of 15 beats per minute that last for 15 seconds in a 20-minute period in the presence of a normal baseline rate and moderate variability. B)  Late decelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to fetal movement. INCORRECT Late decelerations are a sign of uteroplacental insufficiency, and are assessed for in response to uterine contractions, not fetal movement.C)  Accelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions. INCORRECT Accelerations that occur with contractions (periodic accelerations) are usually linked to breech presentations, and are not the basis for the nonstress test. D)  Late decelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions. INCORRECT Late decelerations in response to uterine contractions are the basis for the contraction stress test. HELLP Syndrome At 0800, physical assessment and labs reveal the following: the client is still complaining of a headache but the epigastric pain has slightly decreased.While resting in a left lateral position, the vital signs are BP 146/94, P 75, R 18. Hyperreflexia continues with one beat of clonus. The baseline fetal heart rate is 140 with moderate variability and no decelerations. Since completion of a reactive nonstress test, no further accelerations have occurred. Lab results include: hemoglobin â⠂¬â€œ 13. 1 g/dl, hematocrit – 40. 5 g/dl, platelets – 120,000 mm3, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) – slightly elevated, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) – normal for pregnancy, 0 burr cells on slide, clotting studies normal for pregnancy.The healthcare provider diagnoses Jennie with preeclampsia rather than HELLP syndrome, a variant of severe preeclampsia. 8. If Jennie had HELLP syndrome, which lab results would the nurse expect her to exhibit? A)  Elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit (H&H) without burr cells, elevated liver enzymes, platelet count >150,000 mm3. INCORRECT Elevated H&H without burr cells and platelets >150,000 mm3  are not indicative of HELLP syndrome. B)  Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit (H&H) with burr cells, elevated liver enzymes, platelet count

Exploring the geological history Essay

Firstly we will explore the importance of the site of the town. Because St. Aubins has a town on the sea, it grew up on sites close to a natural harbour, which afforded shelter to the vessels that carried the seaborne trade, upon which the existence of the town depended. St. Aubin is a town of this last class; a glance at a map of Jersey will show that it and Gorey are the only accessible natural harbours which are completely sheltered from the strong westerly winds. St. Aubins is sheltered from the sea on all sides except from the South-East to South. It is widely believed that St. Aubins was once the capital of Jersey; but this can not be true because from the earliest times the Royal Court and the States have met in St. Helier. Also St. Aubin had no church until the 18th Century, and it would be very weird if the capital was left churchless.  Small vessels of the time, securely moored†¦could lie safely in all weathers. The want of depth of water, so detrimental to our town in these days, mattered then, when vessels where very small, and when men where not in such a hurry as they are now, and did not mind waiting patiently for a high tide. This naturally sheltered harbour must have been a resort for fisherman from the earliest time when our island was cut off from the continent. There can be no doubt that St. Aubins is the best natural port in the Island.  The salt and dried cod they brought home found a market in the Roman Catholic countries, where there was an especially large demand during Lent. The ships that carried the fish to these countries brought back cargoes of foreign produce, which in turn was distributed in Northern Europe in exchange for timber for ship-building, hemp for cordage, canvas for sales, pitch and other goods. So a lucrative trade grew up, and the town increased in wealth and importance. St. Helier too, though it had little trade or shiping, seems to have been slightly more populous than St. Aubins, even in it’s great days.  The two towns in fact lived on quite dissimilar lines, the townsmen of St. Helier lived upon the Court, with its lawyers and functionaries, and upon the country people who came into market and to do there business, while the inhabitants of St. Aubins lived upon there overseas trade, and especially upon the Newfoundland fishery. After this time the state of St. Aubin increased slowly but steadily for about one hundred years. Then the ship owners found it very profitable on account of the long wars with France, to fit out and arm vessels as privateers, and the profits earned where so high that this kind of trade grew rapidly until St. Aubins became the chief privateering port in the kingdom. The privateers were fast vessels, heavily armed with guns, and manned with large crews, needed both to work the ships and guns. The captains each carried a Royal Commission called a â€Å"letter of marque† authorising the capture of the ships and goods of the French. The letter of marque was an important document, as it was all that stood between the whole crew hanged as pirates if taken by an enemy man-of-war. No wages were paid to any of the hands but each received his share of the prizes taken.  In the early years of the last century, St. Aubins reached its high point of importance, but then began to fall off owing to the competition of the new port of St. Helier, which was rapidly increasing its harbour accommodation. Of the two largest St. Aubins merchants, the house of Robin moved to St. Helier, while the Janvrins ceased business. This was a serious blow to St. Aubins, so that by about 1850 its shipping had dwindled to small figures, while St. Heliers had increased until it was the sixth port of the whole British Empire. The peace after the Battle of Waterloo helped this result, as privateers became useless and the large St. Aubins capital sunk in them was so great extent lost.  An attempt to make this port for granite export failed, though for a time, the export of gravel brought many ships back to the port. The coming of the railway was a great event. A company formed in 1846 accomplished nothing. A new company in 1861 met with many difficulties; but at last the track was laid. In 1870, the first train was greeted with salvo cannon, and the dean read an eloquent prayer. Two hundred guests lunched in a marquee in the Noirmont grounds. And trains ran continually to bring the while Island to the fete and the fireworks. In 1899, this line was extended to Corbiere. But the advent of the motor bus eventually killed the trains, and in1935 they ceased running. Later, the four-mile track from St. Aubin to La Corbiere was transformed into one of the pleasantest walks on the Island. The Germans relayed the line when making their fortifications; but they have now been removed. The Chief legacy the Germans left to St. Aubin is the immense tunnel which they blasted into the side of the hill to hold their reserve ammunition.  On the 20th October 1941 Hitler declared that the Channel Islands would become an impregnable fortress. Thousands of foreign workers, mostly Spanish, French, Polish and Russian were being poured into the Island to assist in the building of bunkers, gun emplacements, tunnels and sea walls. They needed sand, granite chippings, cement, water and, of course, reinforcing metal. Transport of the first two presented a considerable problem and was largely responsible for the building of the railways. The metre gauge line from St. Helier to St. Aubin and Corbiere can be said to have started opposite commercial buildings, within a stone’s throw of the former J.R. & T Weighbridge terminus. From West Park to St. Aubins tunnel, the roadbed of the former J.R. & T was more or less followed. The line was single throughout except for an occasional crossing loop. A blast wall had already been built at the eastern end of the old J.R. & T tunnel at St. Aubin as a protection from the extensive galleries which were being excavated. The bore of the tunnel itself had been greatly increased and the galleries driven through solid rock, the area being second only to that of the much better known underground hospital, to which rather surprisingly no connecting railway was laid.

Comparison and Contrast Essay

If you were to compare and contrast going to a community college verses going to a university, they can be very different but also one in the same. Some similarities include activities and, class choices. Differences between these two subjects are class size, living, and cost. Going away to school can be a lot different from going to a community college, but in some ways they can be similar also. The first point in which I will discuss is class size. When going to a community college, the class sizes are much smaller than going to a university. With a small class size, it is easier to get more help understanding the subject because there aren’t so many students. Teachers can give their students more one on one attention this way. A similarity between community college and a university is that some universities do have smaller class sizes. There are some classes at universities that aren’t lectures, making class sizes smaller than the usual 100 or more students. Class size at a university is usually much larger because there are a lot more students, with fewer classes. The second point to make in regards to comparing going to a community college and going to a university is the costs are very different. At a university you are paying for all four years whereas at a community college, you only have to pay for a minimum of two years, which makes for saving a lot more money. At a community college, you don’t have to pay anywhere near what you have to pay at a university. Also, at a community college, you aren’t paying for dorm living, which adds on thousands more of dollars. The only similarity between these two different schools costs is the online classes. You have to pay for taking an online class, but of course with a university it will still cost a lot more. They both offer online classes however. Another similarity between going to a community college verses going to a university is you have to pay if you want to be on a sport team. Both schools require money. Participating in activities at school such as sports, clubs, and concert events can be different when going to a community college and a university. Some ways they can be different is at a community college, some based on the size, don’t have football teams. All universities have football teams and stadiums. Community colleges, since they are smaller don’t have big stadiums or a football team. Going along with not having football teams, this means that community colleges don’t have marching bands either. Also, universities have famous people who give concerts and community colleges don’t do that either. Some similarities between school activities are both schools have some kind of clubs where students can join groups and become friends with the people in their clubs. Both colleges offer clubs. They also both have music programs as in band or orchestra or chorus. Both colleges offer music in the music departments. They may not be as large of a group as a university, but they are still offered. As you can see, if you go to a community college you won’t be able to participate sometimes in football, or marching band. Also, if you attend a community college, you can save a lot of money from not living on campus. The other topic I mentioned was class size and how much smaller the class size is compared to a university. The differences between both colleges that I mentioned were at a university there are larger classes, football stadiums, dorm living, and you have to pay much more money for attending a university for four years. Finally, the last thing I talked about were how going to a community college and a university have some things in common such as both having chorus, band, and orchestra. Also, they both have online classes and similar subjects that a student can take. Both colleges have similar activities such as clubs and after school activities. Since attending a community is much smaller, and a university is much larger, there are going to be many differences between these two colleges. But since they are both colleges, there are some similarities between the two of course as well. Regardless, you can now see exactly what they have in common, and what they don’t more clearly now.

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The business cycle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Tort law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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How do changing approaches to geography affect the knowlege produced Essay

How do changing approaches to geography affect the knowlege produced about development in the global south over time - Essay Example observed that while some of the countries or the land areas have attained much higher degree of knowledge, many of the areas are still in the dark and just have commenced to get the light of the modern education system. The area that is broadly classified as the ‘Global South’ had been under prolonged ‘darkness’ with regards to education and knowledge. The citizens of the area were never treated at par with their counterparts of the other parts of the world, till recently. The development of the global south has been basically characterized by the globalization and the modernization. It has been because of globalization, the citizens of those backward areas could get the ray of hope as it had all the attributes of being huge market. The way the Chinese firms entered into the Nigerian textile industry is a perfect example of such effects of globalization. Without much advantages of the modern knowledge, Nigeria turned out to be the dumping ground of the inferior quality Chinese goods which ultimately destroyed the indigenous industry of the land (Akinrinade & Ogen, 2008). Though such acts of globalization had certain de-merits for those nations but with time the light of knowledge could be accessed in those backward countries too. The various types of knowledge used in those economies of Global South include ontology and epistemology. Ontology is that branch of philosophy that studies the reality along with categories of being and their relations. Epistemology, on the other hand, is a much broader term and provides due emphasis on the different facets of acquired knowledge. The epistemology, as the experts suggest, is also a branch of philosophy that takes in to purview the various features, scopes and limitations of the knowledge. The four basic attributes of the epistemology include the definition of knowledge, the way of acquiring such knowledge, knowledge of the people and the certainty of knowing what people know (Encyclopedia of Philosophy,

Marketing Report and research (mobile phones) Paper

Marketing Report and (mobile phones) - Research Paper Example For the primary data gathering and analysis, a questionnaire was designed and survey conducted. The data gathered from the survey was then analysed. From the analysis it was derived that a mobile phone which includes computing as well and is priced low is the need of the hour, mainly for foreign nationals residing in Australia. To further strengthen this conclusion, industry/ competitor’s analysis and PESTL was also done. The above mentioned analysis also yielded favourable results. The next step was to work on the SWOT of the organization and decide the marketing mix. It is found that organization is strong in technology and pricing but suffers from the lack of a brand image as of now. To overcome this brand positioning was also decided. Main challenge that confronted the students, while preparing this report, was during the primary research phase. Seeking cooperation, from what constituted the sample, and urging them to give correct answers to the questions was time intensive exercise. Nevertheless, it definitely enabled the students to realize the hard ground realities. It gave a feel of what real marketing is like and was definitely an enjoyable experience inspite of all the hardships. After going through the process of new product conceptualization and development, it is realized that launching a multi technology device (MTD) for foreign nationals residing in Australia would be profitable venture. MTD is a combination of mobile phone and computing technologies. As per the forecast on the basis of past trends in the Australian telecom industry at least 35% international students, 30% households and atleast 10% of the 18-65 age bracket people would purchase the MTD. Since SWOT, PESTL, primary research and secondary research all point to the viability of the project, it is recommended to go ahead with the new product concept of launching the mobile phone based on the research undertaken by the students. The

Japan & successful countries Essay Example for Free

Japan successful countries Essay Japan being one of the most successful countries in the world suffered from several problems too. In order for them to achieve greatness and near perfection, they had to be broken also which made it more possible for them to stand up again and adapt to changes. For a very long time, they closed their doors to foreign countries and made life on their own without the help of anything or anyone except them alone. However, despite of this decision, Japan was able to improve their living and manage to become one of the most successful countries in the world. In present, Japan continues to adapt to the changes that the world offers them without sacrificing their own national native philosophy. Considering the success that Japan had, it is indeed amazing to know that they have imprints of foreign culture and philosophy in them. How they were able to maintain their native and national philosophy while adapting to change is something that makes them really an interesting subject to discuss. After their resistance to colonizers and isolation, they were able to foster a nation which mixes stories and culture of the west and the east. Japan and the early years after Isolation There are several amazing things that people must know and understand about Japan. When they successfully defended their country from foreign invasion in 1945, Japan freely borrowed ideas from different countries with the absence of military impositions and the presence of colonial life. They were able to adapt to changes without people telling them what to do. Instead, the country and its people freely and willingly adapted to change while isolating themselves and soon opening to the world (Kasulis). Japan philosophy Japanese philosophy is not based on their native beliefs and studies. It is rooted into several foreign philosophies which they improvised and used to give a touch of Japan in them. However despite of the fact that theirs was a mixture of several foreign ideas, there is always something that makes their philosophies their own (Kasulis). The most distinctive characteristic of Japanese philosophy is how it has assimilated and adapted foreign philosophies to its native worldview. As an isolated island nation, Japan successfully resisted foreign invasion until 1945 and, although it borrowed ideas freely throughout its history, was able to do so without the imposition of a foreign military or colonial presence. Japanese philosophy thus bears the imprint of a variety of foreign traditions, but there is always a distinctively Japanese cultural context. In order to understand the dynamics of Japanese thought, therefore, it is necessary to examine both the influence of various foreign philosophies through Japanese history and the underlying or continuing cultural orientation that set the stage for which ideas would be assimilated and in what way. Works Cited Kasulis, Thomas P. (1998). Japanese philosophy. In E. Craig (Ed. ), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Retrieved March 15, 2009, from http://www. rep. routledge. com/article/G100

Heavy Metal Accumulation Within Urban Regions of China

Heavy Metal Accumulation Within Urban Regions of China Word Count: 1944 Introduction The adverse health effects associated with heavy metal accumulation within the body are well documented with problems leading to cardiovascular, nervous system, blood and bone diseases. Heavy metals can be easily transferred to human bodies directly through inhalation, ingestion, and absorption from the skin. The predominant pathway of ingestion is through the soil-crop system due to the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural areas. This is quite prevalent in rural areas of China as waste water is recycled to tend crops which provide the food for the urban population. Alongside wastewater irrigation, solid waste disposal and sludge applications; vehicular exhaust and industrial activities are the major sources of soil contamination with heavy metals, resulting in an increased metal uptake by the food crops grown on such contaminated soils (Khan et al. 2008). In the urban environment itself, a wide range of toxic substances can be released during recycling and disposal in indust rial processes which cause environmental damage and threaten public health. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and chromium are an important class of hazardous chemicals that can be released from out-dated industrial practices. Therefore a relationship exists with a high population density within China’s urban centres and heavy metal accumulation within the urban environments (soils, atmosphere and drinking water). Industry and economic activities are more concentrated in urban areas, and cities have become the geographic focus of resource consumption and chemical emissions, which cause many environmental problems (Luo et al. 2012). Heavy industries such as metal smelting, manufacturing, energy production, construction and the coal/fuel combustion techniques associated with the mentioned industries are usually localised within the urban centres of China. This is due to their close proximity to the large percentage of the urbanised population who commute to thei r workplaces, and also double up as consumers (and polluters). Because of this, industries release harmful pollutants as by-products into the atmosphere, or can infiltrate the drinking water, and/or affect soils within close proximity. Heavy metals in urban soils may come from various human activities such as vehicle exhaust, waste disposal, as well as coal and fuel combustion (Chen et al. 2005). A recent emergence is that of electronic waste recycling which is infamous for releasing heavy metals. Biophysical and Socioeconomic Background The cause for the environmental degradation which effects are now widely seen in China are by no means an issue that has sprung up overnight. Domestically, the modernisation drive of the Chinese government over the past 30 years has been the main contributor for the environmental degradation, in that the priority of urbanisation, industrialisation, and a stronger economy with the intent of increasing the standard of living for its citizens (reflected by higher consumption) has placed environmental concerns as inconsequential. Because of this, environmental policies over the past 30 years have been considerably lax or non-existent due to conflicting with economic targets. This deregulation by the environmental sector of the government has granted China unprecedented growth and surpass economic goals, but at great consequence to the environment with widespread pollution in all the major cities. Only recently has the Chinese government realised the magnitude of their actions on the envi ronment which have been revealed through recent studies. The first national soil pollution survey conducted between 2005 and 2013 by the Chinese government’s Environmental Protection Ministry showed that 16.1% of China’s soil and 19.4% of its arable land was contaminated with cadmium, nickel and arsenic (BBC, 2014). China’s rapid and extended period of industrial development with subsequent high pollutant emissions has left many regions with deteriorated land quality and soil pollution. Compared to the surveys conducted between 1986 and 1990, levels of inorganic materials were markedly higher. This has dire consequences for the food security of the Chinese people and both the global community, as China currently relies heavily on grain imports to satisfy the needs of its citizens. The Chinese government set the minimum arable land for food production just over 300 million acres, of which this recent study has shown their available arable land does not meet this minimum meaning that China lacks agricultural self-sufficiency (Pei, 2014). Reversal of the degradation is costly and generally avoided, thus the Chinese government is opting to invest in foreign land and agriculture. Many of the recent surveys and research conducted by the government has had loose affiliation with scientific bodies and subsequently distorted evidence with the intent to strengthen political and economic motives, while masking the true nature of the situation. As a result, initial conservative estimations made by the government are insufficient and by no means an accurate representation of the environmental issues facing China. Internationally, the demand for cheaper Chinese labour and consumables has only perpetuated and reinforced the economic drive and manufacturing capabilities of China over the past 30 years – with the environment suffering due to inadequate regulation, economic priorities and a lack of perception for wider issues such as environmental. Specifically, with the expansion of the global market and increased demand for electrical and electronic products (and their short lifespan), electronic waste has become one of the most rapidly growing problems pertaining to waste in the world. A great quantity of electronic waste originating from developed countries has been transferred to developing countries such as China, India, and some African countries where electronic waste is processed using less advanced technology. A wide range of toxic substances can be released during the recycling and disposal and cause environmental damage and threaten public health, especially those of heavy metal s (Zheng et al. 2013). Management Approaches in the Past It was in 1973 where the Chinese government held its first national conference on environmental protection. For the following 20 years, emphasis was placed on pollution control and prevention as the major cities faced industrial and pesticide pollution. Again in 1983 environmental protection was announced as one of the two basic state policies (the other being family planning, or notoriously known as the ‘one child policy’). However proper action to environmental impact has only occurred relatively recently (the mid to late 1990’s) marked by the issuing of the national strategy of sustainable development: ‘Ten strategic Policies for Environment and Development’ and in 1994 the publishing of ‘Agenda 21’. Subsequently, China has implemented a strategy of two fundamental transformations – the transition from a planned economic system to a socialistic market economic system (Wang 2010). Policies within the 1990’s focused mainly on point source control of pollution from industries, and heavily around catchment systems (due to the problem of contaminated water) in contrast to remediation of areas affected by pollution. As is still problematic today, government bodies responsible for the implementation are hindered by weak institutional capacities and generally lack experience in the new field of environmental management (Wang 2010) leading to confusion between local and central governments in relation to the arbitration of policies. Guidelines of environmental protection have been established through many separate rules and regulations authorised by different government entities at different phases adding to this disarray. Local governments also lacked the financial capacity to compensate residents in natural reserves causing conflict within the communities. Centralisation of this organisation appears to be an ongoing process. Similarly, it is all well and good announcing what is going to be done (albeit vag uely) but whether or not action is taken is another matter. Adding to this significance is that the Chinese government is both the regulator and polluter in many instances, and must realise this. Management Approaches at Present and for the Future Presently, the government has specific planned efforts to protect species and ecosystems and have greatly increased over the past decade, but effectiveness has not kept pace with degradation. Major problems exist such as low levels of staff training, inadequate funding and rampant commercial development. The central government’s large-scale payment for ecosystem services campaigns are remarkable in terms of funding and longevity but program effectiveness remains unclear due to a general lack of science based assessment and conflicting outcomes with positive results that meet program goals (Grumbine Xu 2013). The issue of heavy metal accumulation within soils (be it rural or urban) is not directly targeted with China’s environmental management plans of the future. Although management plans incorporate the cleaning up of industries and practices which will hopefully have flow down affects leading to the reduction of problematic pollution (namely, heavy metals). These new ly implemented, almost ‘ad hoc’ environmental standards may not be up to speed to match the ever increasing economic growth and continual urbanisation. Similarly, implementing policy is one thing, enforcing it is another. In rural areas, China did not begin to invest in water pollution control until 2008 with the Ministries of Environmental Protection and Agriculture expecting coverage of 10% of all villages by 2015. In 2012 and again in 2013, the State Council and Ministry of Environmental Protection issued new national policies and funding to strengthen water use and decrease pollution, but institutional reforms necessary for improved implementation have not been addressed (Grumbine Xu 2013). Reformation of current environmentally specific laws (water, biodiversity, conservation) and forging of legal management mandates between provinces and government bureaus within their specific areas, alongside encouraging more policy participation from citizens, non-government o rganisations and businesses is desirable. Some of these reforms go against current government norms, but international scholars believe that significant environmental degradation impacts (such as water scarcity or hazardous materials) will drive more cooperative institutional behaviour (Grumbine Xu 2013). There is little interdisciplinary framework to address the lack of policy connections within and across China’s social–ecological systems. At the national level, ministerial actions often lack coordination and officials often do not have the capacity to enforce regulations. There are disconnects between central and local decision making; at local levels, Beijing’s edicts are subject to behaviour where officials often act contrary to central government mandates resulting in poor policy implementation. With environmental problems now openly acknowledged but solutions still far off, and already-unprecedented urbanisation rates gaining speed. But there still are n o functional national-level regulations in place to guide the largest and most rapid urban expansion in world history (Grumbine Xu 2013). Conclusions and Recommendations After three decades of unconstrained economic growth, China’s social and ecological debts are coming due. The new Chinese leadership has a full agenda yet measured against broad adaptive capacity standards, thus the government remains weak at solving complex, cross-cutting problems. Experts are in agreement that open information exchange, government transparency, institutional coordination, public and private sector participation, iterative decision making and conflict resolution are critical to resolving environmental and social issues under 21st century conditions. These capacities may have little to do with supporting economic expansion under a command-and-control decision making system, but they are recommended repeatedly to solve governance problems in a world of decreasing resources and increasing uncertainty. China must realise that it is both the polluter and regulator so must mediate the two with particularly stronger enforcement of environmental concerns. Short term economic goals should not outweigh the long term importance of the environmental order. Soil is an important component of urban ecosystems, thus its quality must be recognised and integrated into environmental monitoring and management programs. Extensive investigations into urban soil contamination in China have been conducted in the last 25 years but prove inadequate. Given the importance of urban soils, future research should focus on making comprehensive assessments of urban soil quality for better city planning and the sustainable management of urban soil resources. Since metals and organic pollutants have been found many cities of China, these and other emerging contaminants should be included in a multi-compartmental environmental surveillance of urban areas. Biological indicators could be used such as plant, soil invertebrate and microbial assays leading to an improved assessment of soil quality than physico-chemical measurements alone. Attention should be paid towards semi- rural and peri-urban agriculture practices with potential to human health implications. In addition to routine urban soil surveys, a land use-based and environmental availability-based integrated risk assessment framework of pollutants for urban soils needs to be developed in China (Luo et al. 2012). References BBC news China, 18th April 2014, ‘Report: One fifth of China’s soil contaminated’ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-27076645 Chen H, Zheng C, Tu C, Zhu Y, 1999, ‘Heavy metal pollution I soils in China: Status and countermeasures’, Ambio, Vol. 28, pp. 130-134 Chen TB, Zheng YM, Lei M, Huang ZC, Wu HT, Chen H, Fan KK, Yu K, Wu X and Tian QZ, 2005, ‘Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China’, Chemosphere, Vol. 60, pp. 542-551 Grumbine RE Xu J, 2013, ‘Recalibrating China’s environmental policy: The next 10 years’, Biological Conservation, Vol. 166, pp. 287-292 Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng YM, Huang YZ and Zhu YG, 2008, ‘Heath risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China’, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 152, pp. 686-692 Luo X, Shen Y, Zhu Y, Li X, 2012, ‘Trace metal contamination in urban soils of China’, Science of the Total Environment, pp. 17-30 Pei M, 18th April 2014, ‘China’s soil pollution: It’s much worse than you think’, Fortune Magazine, http://fortune.com/2014/04/18/chinas-soil-pollution-its-much-worse-than-you-think/ Wang L, 2010, ‘The changes of China’s environmental policies in the latest 30 years’, Procedia Environmental Sciences, Vol. 2, pp. 1206-1212 Zheng J, Chen K, Yan X, Chen S, Hu G, Peng X, Yuan J, Mai B, Yang Z, 2013, ‘Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health’, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 96, pp. 205-212

The Basic Informational Macromolecules Biology Essay

The Basic Informational Macromolecules Biology Essay Nucleic acids are the basic informational macromolecules that contributes to the most essential characteristic properties of living system, reproduction and genetic conttrols. Lower and higher molecular weight of nucleic acids are utilized in metabolic and catalytic reactions respectively. DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acid of polymers composed of nitrogenous base either a double ring of purines and single ring of pyrimidine which is further connected to the phosphorylated sugar to make up the nucleotides.The sugar attached with base without phosphate group is called nucleoside.The DNA molecule has sugar 2-deoxyribose and RNA molecule has ribose and every backbone of DNA or RNA chain are linked by covalent phosphodiester bond between 5and 3carbons of two sugars either from 5>3 or 3>5 directions. Phosphate groups are attached at the end of the sugar at 5-carbon and at the 3end ,the hydroxyl group is added.Most probably all natural DNA or RNA polymer extend in a direction of 5to 3end direction.The structures that join the nulceotides together in DNA and RNA are called phosphodiester bonds due the presence of phosphoric acid linkage between the two sugars(fig.1) Fig.1 RNA nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds between 3-OH and 5-C. (RNA structure,n.d) Structures of DNA DNA(deoxyrinucleic acid)is the linear of nucleic acids which is composed of four different building blocks of nucleotides and is lack of one oxygen atom at carbon2(fig.2) and as a result it is named as deoxyribose sugar. Fig.2 Structure of DNA. (DNA Structure,n.d) DNA is commonly found in nucleous and scientist called Erwin Chargaff found that DNA has four nucleotide bases namely pyrimidine(cytosine and thymine)and purine(adenine and guanine) (fig.3) Purines: a)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adenine A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guanine G   Pyrimidines: b)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thymine T  Cytosine C   Fig.3.Structure of DNA bases. (DNA and RNA Structures,n.d) The total amount of pyrimidine nucleotide bases thymine+cytosine is always equal to the total amount of purine nucleotide bases adenine+guanine.The amount of thymine is always equal to the amount of adenine(A=T)and the amount of cytosine is always equal to the amount of guanine(G ºC).But the amount of adenine +thymine is not necessarily equal to the amount of guanine+cytosine. ( Gupta ,P.K., 2000) The Double Helix Structure By the study of x-ray diffration, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens suggested that DNA has a helical structure with a diameter of 20A and 34A distance in the helix(fig.4a). DNA consists of two helix which the two chains are coiled around the same axis to form a right-handed helix and they can be separated from one another only by uncoiling. The backbone of altertnating deoxyribose and phosphate groups are placed outside the helix facing the surrounding water(hydrophilic) whereas the bases are inside the helix(hydrophobic) and are set in a plane at right angle to the long axis.The right-handed DNA forms are called B-DNA having 3.4A distance between the two base pairs and it has 10 base pairs in each turn. DNA can also exist as left-handed and since left-handed DNA follow a zig-zag way,it is called as Z-DNA.The main difference between Z-DNA and B-DNA is that in Z-DNA,one complete helix has 12 base pairs per turn whereas B-DNA has only 10 base pairs per turn. (Gupta,P.K., 2000) Fig.4)a) Structure of double helix, b) DNA structure showing parallel and anti-parallel, c) double helix showing minor and major grooves. (DNA Structures,n.d) In double helix,the two strands of DNA runs opposite in direction ie,5> 3and 3> 5 which means the two strands should be parallel or anti-parallel to make the stabilized structure and hold the two polynucleotides together.There is an interaction of base-pair between the adenine on one strand and a thymine on the other(A=T) and similarly between cytosine and guanine (G ºC (fig.4b) with hydrogen bond two and three rrespectively.These pairing of this two strands creates minor and major grooves on the surfaces of double helix(fig.4c) . In DNA double helix,one strand act as parent strand and the other new strand as template which synthesize complementary daughter strands(fig.5).The double helix is hold together by H-bonding between complementary base pairs and base stacking interaction. (Voet,D. Et al Fig.5 DNA replication. Each strand of a parental DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary daughter strand. (Voet,D. et al,2006) Structure of RNA RNA(ribonucleic acid) is the second type of nucleic acid found in throuhtout the cell. In case of RNA , it has a sugar and an -OH group at 2 carbon atom(fig.6). Fig.6 Structure of ribose. (RNA Structure,n.d) Similarly, RNA has also four nucleotide bases as purine and pyrimidine(fig.7) except the thymine is replaced by uracil in pyrimidine. Purines:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adenine A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guanine G   Pyrimidines:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uracil U  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cytosine C   Fig.7 Structures of RNA bases. (RNA and DNA Structures,n.d) Though RNA is single -stranded structure ,when RNA fold back on itself ,by chance or occasional base pairing and hydrogen bonding ,it forms some of a paired helical structure (fig.8) which results in three dimensional structure and they are copmplex and unique. They form intra-strand base pairs from self complementary region along the chain. Fig.8 Base pairing within a single strand of RNA showing a possible folded structure. (RNA Structure,n.d) The information from RNA determines the protein synthesis through the series of translation which involves three types of RNA molecules to perform different functions: 1)Messenger RNA(mRNA)Structure Messenger RNA(mRNA) is a linear sequence of amino acid in polypeptide chain and has longer chain than the reading frame that has to be translated.To begin and end translation , specific start and stop codons are required. Mostly mRNAs has start (initiator) codons AUG that can be served as methionine codon at 5carbon.. Occasionally GUG and CUG can alsobe used as initiator codon in some of the bacterial and eukaryotic mRNA respectively. GUG codes for valine and CUG for leucine to initiate a protein chain. The stop codon are UAA, UGA and UAG and do not code for any amino acid. The stop codon indicates that translation is to be terminated and the ribosome has to be released polypeptide product. The sequence of start and stop codon are called a reading frame. Codon having overlapping information, mRNA can be translated to different reading frames and formed different polypeptides(fig.9). Each genetic code specifies different amino acids and rarely unusual coding occurs. ( Lodish, etal , 1986) Frame 1 5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ GCU UGU UUA CGA AUU A à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ mRNA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ Ala Cys Leu Arg Ile à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ polypeptide 1 Frame 2 5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ G CUU GUU UAC GAA UUA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ mRNA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ Leu Val Tyr Glu Leu à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ polypeptide 2 Figure 9; Multiple reading frames in an mRNA sequence ( Lodish , etal , 1986) 2)Transfer RNA(tRNA) Structure Transfer RNA(tRNA) is an adaptor molecule that serve as a bridge between mRNA and the amino acids leading to the Polypeptide chain.tRNA exists in primary,secondary and tertiary structure. A tRNA molecule is chemically linked to amino acids through a bond forming an aminoacyl-tRNA. The general structure of tRNA is represented by Cloverleaf model(fig.10). The anticodon at the bottom is complementary to the mRNA codon with the pairing of base to it. Due to the presence of mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon, base-pairing is in anti-parallel directions.Amino acids are attached to the acceptor stem at the 3 terminus having sequence CCA and protrudes beyond the 5 end. The dihydrouracil loop(D loop)contained always uracil base and TCG loop has invariant sequence of bases.Variable loop has variation in both nucleotides composition and in length. (Lodish,et al,1986) Fig.10. Structure of tRNA. (RNA-Ribonucleic acid,n.d) 3)Ribosome RNA(rRNA) Sructures Ribosome RNA(rRNA) carries ribosome particles and consists of one small and one large subunit ribosome and protein. The rRNA is the largest structure among the RNAs. Each of the subunits composed of one to three rRNA s types and as many as protein components. Comparing to prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells are larger and more particles whereas the eukaryotes has 40s and 60s with 80s for complete ribosome. Functions of DNA †¢ DNA serve as a storage materials for genetic information in all living cells. †¢ Due to the double helical structure,DNA provides more stability storing more genetic information since the double bond required more force to break up the structures . †¢ DNA is building block of the protein synthesis which takes by the process of Central Dogma relationship.Genetic information from the DNA is transcribed to mRNA carrying the genetic codon and later translated to the polypeptide chain. †¢ DNA provides for long term storage of genetic information due to the presence of deoxyribose sugar at 2carbon,thus preventing the formation of cyclic phosphate ester since hydrogen cannot hydrolysis the phosphodiester bond, whereas 2hydroxyl group in RNA act as a nucleophile attacking the phosphodiester bond and results in less efficiency of storing information. (Lodish, ea al,1986) †¢ DNA act as template or semiconservative.During the replication of double helix,DNA double strsnded DNA that consists of one old (template) strand and one new daughter strand. two ddaughter duced pronew daughter strand.This two new DNA molecules is identical to the parents molecule and this type of conservation of old template strand is called semiconservative. †¢ The major and minor grooves formed during the coiling or wounding of duoble strands provides the reading of protein binding DNA.s ( Lodish, etal, 1986) Function of mRNAs: †¢ mRNA carries genetic information which is transcribed from DNA in a linear sequence of amino acid to a peptide chain. †¢ mRNA carries three codons for a specific amino acids.AUG act as start codon for a specified amino acids at 5 and UAA, UAG and UGA as stop codon or termination of translation. Function of tRNA: †¢ The main function of aminoacyl-tRNA is to recognise the specific codon for the activation of correct amino acids. †¢ tRNA make sure that the amino acid are placed in correct sequence to the growing peptide chain during the interaction of codon with the specific anticodon. †¢ Helps in Abinding the growing peptide chain to the ribosome during translation process. ( Conn, E.E.,1987) Function of rRNA: †¢ rRNA could serve as template RNA . †¢ rRNA with ribosome particles provides shapes and structure during protein synthesis. It also helps in speeding or catalysing the chemical reaction by enzyme called ribozymes. The main difference between the DNA and RNA structures are that DNA has deoxyribose sugar and lack one oxygen at carbon 2,wheraes in RNA has ribose sugar and one -OH group attached at carbon 2. DNA is double stranded in nature ,providing more stability than single stranded RNA. Again one big difference is that the presence of thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA srtucture. The main difference in the function of DNA and RNA is that the DNA functions mainly for the storage of genetic informations and the RNA as transcription and translation of genetic informations. Since the DNA is double helix that wound around the plane of the helix hiding the base -paired inside the helix that prevents from contacting with water(hydrophobic) this base pairing interaction provides more stability to the nucleic acids storing more genetic information.In both DNA and RNA base pairing between G ºC provides more stronger and stable bond than the A=T since it requires more force to break up the three H-bonding of G ºC than the A=T. In DNA , thymine is present and instead of thymine uracil is replaced in RNA .Since thymine contain methyl group , this base act as a protection and moreover methyl is strongly neutral. It is methylated group and methylation newly suppresses the migration of DNA segments. These all reasons provides that DNA is strongly stable than RNA nucleic acid. Again methylation can help in identifying the parental (template) strands from newly synthesized strands in DNA strands. Each of the 3end of the sugar are used to initiate the genetic exchange and this point act as primer for DNA replication. The attachment of more ribosome on mRNA provides high sedimentation rate than the unattached ribosomes which means the polyribosome or polysome complexes are actively synthesizing protein than single ribosomes. (Strickberger,M.W.,1976)

After Apple Picking :: After Apple Picking

After Apple Picking In Frost's poetry any deviation, not only from the iambic foot but from the iambic pentameter line as well, is an important marker of the speaker's state of mind, his control, and his capacity for irony. "After Apple Picking" keeps resolutely returning to pentameter lines, but the speaker is drowsy, and the opening twelve-syllable line - "My long two-pointed ladder's sticking through a tree" - is like the last murmured words before sleep. Of course, it also represents, as does the whole masterful structure of the poem, Frost's own precise control of tone, as he creates a speaker who is precariously "upon [his] way to sleep." This fatigued vulnerability manifests itself in an escalating slippage of control from ten-syllable lines to foreshortened lines like "For all / That struck the earth," or eleven-syllable lines like "No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble." And as the speaker moves toward an increasing intuition of the symbolic underpinnings of his exhaustion, which is t he result not just of his picking apples but of other more visceral frustrations and fears, the frequency of these variations increases. (Lines 1, 2, 14, 16, 18, 19, 25, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, and 42 vary from the pentameter; only lines 18 and 34 are extra-syllabic.) His awareness and fear of this loss of control are manifested in the final lines: The woodchuck could say whether it's like his Long sleep, as I describe its coming on, Or just some human sleep. What he fears is not so much death as the very state the poem has mimicked - that is, a suspension between not-life and not-death where language is narcotized toward incoherence and uncontrol. . . . . Matter . . . makes itself felt even as it capitulates to its own variable nature. If the apple will fall in "After Apple Picking," if it, like the speaker on his way to dreaming, is about to go bruised to the cider heap where it will be pressed into an essence of itself, it nonetheless maintains through all its transmutations an identifiable appleness. The apple holds, against the authoritative prosodic erosion of waking reality into dream state, its own sensual place as an essential ingredient in the spell to which the speaker is succumbing.

Free Essays - To Kill a Mockingbird - What is a Classic? :: Free Essay Writer

What is a classic? One definition given by the dictionary is: having lasting significance or worth; enduring. When examined closely we can discover what makes the novel unique and memorable. There are many important messages in Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird, which make it memorable to the reader. The main message in this novel is about racism, how people around you, not just parents have a strong influence on you when you are growing up, and how rumors and misjudging can make a person look bad. Judging other people without knowledge of the facts is also a common occurrence. Nearly the whole last half of the book is about racism. The attitude of the whole town is that Tom Robinson, because he is black and,"†¦all Negroes lie,†¦all Negroes are basically immoral beings,†¦all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women†¦"(Lee 207), will be found guilty regardless of how good a case Atticus makes for him. There was substantial amount of evidence that suggests his innocence. Even the prosecution's two witnesses' stories contradicted each other. The jury did not give a guilty verdict it gave a racist verdict. Not a verdict based on fact, but a verdict based on the color of a man's skin. This is important because the author was not making this racism up; it was what it was like in those times. She is trying to show how ignorant and blind people can be just because of differences between them, as well as how society treats racial minorities. During the book Scout and Jem are at an age were people around them greatly affect their thoughts, views and ideas about the world. Although Atticus tried to raise them to treat Negroes as equals, people around them affected their views on them. A good example is when Dill questioned the seemingly rude way which Mr. Gilmer treated Tom Robinson. Scout replied by saying, "†¦after all he's just a Negro." (Lee 201). She believes it to be acceptable. This is not something her father put in her head but people in her town. The same also happens in the black community. When Atticus asks Calpurnia to watch his children for him while he is out, Calpurnia accepts and takes the children with her to church, a church for black people. When she arrives with the children, they are greeted kindly except by a few people. These people use the same reason as in the last example as to why they should not be there, because they are white.

How Social and Professional Relationships Affect the Learning Process Essay

Explain how social organisations and relationships affect the learning process. When children start school they are will go through short simple assessments to enable them to be put in a group of which an activity or task they are asked to complete is appropriate for their stage and level of learning. The learning process can be affected by many different things in a positive or less positive way. For example When a child has built a relationship with another child whom is more confident at answering questions whether they are correct or not it can work either way in which it can give the child less confidence to answer at all as the more confident child may make fun of them if they knew the right answer or this can be a positive affect where the less confident child will learn from the confident child and give answering questions a go. If we as adults build positive relationships with each other and show our willingness to learn and enthusiasm to learn the positive relationships built with children will then show that the learning process is fun this is giving relationships a positive affect on the learning process. If a child has fallen out with a friend or been hurt by someone in the class this may cause them to become withdrawn and distracted from activities they are wanted to participate in. When teaching children you need to be aware of all the available support so that the child can reach their full potential, if any other organizations are involved you will need to have regular updates on how the child is doing so that if more support is needed this can be given or if they seem to be progressing further then other steps can be taken. It is very important to evaluating learning activities as this will enable the child to reach their full potential, it can be most important when planning activities as it can then give the child and the adult a chance to think about the learning that has taken place. When evaluating the learning activities it can be important as you can then see what works and what doesn’t, you may also find that some things need adapting for the different level of children. When evaluating the learning activities you can also see where you can improve on the way you delivered the activity and what worked best. Some children are easily distracted by others or certain environments that you wish to carry the task or activity out in it is in the child’s best interest to think of where to situate the activity or task in order for the  child to reach their full potential because then they can often be brought back round to focus and have the motivation to carry out what is asked of them i f the child has many distraction this can lead to the child not paying any interest in the adult and wandering off due to distractions. For example there is a particular child in the class i am in who always wants to go outside and play and often finds anything he can to fiddle with one day i carried out a short activity with this child and a couple of children which was just by the door to outside and there was a few odd bits on the floor for him to fiddle with as soon as we got to this area and through out the activity he ran to the door several times and would pick the various things up from the floor and throw them towards other children and i realised that being in this area doesn’t work with this child not only did it affect their learning but it also affect the other children in the groups learning process as bringing this child back to focus it stopped me from carrying out the task properly so next time i was working with this child i chose a different area away from the door and free from any objects that could distract the child when the activity was finished i saw a difference the child stayed focus ed and motivated on the task and the other children also could complete the task without any interruptions. When evaluating the learning activities it can help with planning future learning activities by looking at the learning objective to measure what the child has learnt, if the learning objective is not thought about carefully at the planning stage it can be almost to tell or evaluate whether the child has achieved the objective. When looking at the knowledge, understanding and skills i have in Literacy, Numeracy and ICT and how they can impact on practise I have a little knowledge, understanding and skills in all these areas that i can use and support the children. Whilst attending sure start i achieved a level 2 in English and have always been good at spelling completing crosswords and writing stories when i was younger. After having my children i went to college in the evening to complete a level 1 in maths although maths isn’t my strong point i feel confident in supporting the children. When my youngest child was at nursery i completed an open technology course which was from January 2009 till December 2009 i achieved entry level 1 and 2 in ict open systems and office applications. When supporting children through these areas you need to work confidently and understand the subject with  more experience the more impact it will have on the children’s learning. The knowledge and understanding in these areas have also been helped by having children of my own who have gone through the whole learning process from the beginning and helping them to complete work sent home gives me that little bit more confidence. There are many ways these areas have an impact on practice and the more input and experience i do and get can mean the more confidence i can gain in these subject areas. There are still many ways that i can improve my knowledge, understanding and skills in these areas and i recently had a discussion with the class teacher on what i felt i did well and what i felt and would like to have more support or knowledge below is a plan that me and the teacher have come up with. Literacy improvement plans | With literacy i am new to sounds and pronouncing them the correct way i have already photocopied all of the formations and the actions used in order to sound these right but to reinforce this and gain knowledge of the terminology used the teacher has said about a letters and sounds book which is the principles and practise of high quality phonics. | Numeracy improvement plans| The other day i worked with a group of children who find it hard to concentrate and i know that with children in year r the best way to teach them is through games and play but i’m not confident with creativity of games or leading the games the correct way so the teacher is going to give me some website addresses and a book which has ideas. The teacher has also said she may give a few choices of games to play that are appropriate to what the current learning objective is and allow me to take the lead in what works best for me and the small group of children.| ICT improvement plans | I have lots of ICT knowledge with programs and adult use but to support children to use the computers i am a little nervous about. The teacher and i discussed working on the computers with a few children playing through the games on computers and picking up skills through experiencing them first hand or some extra time to run through them by myself. The school also uses a smart board which is linked to a laptop i haven’t had much chance to work on this so the teacher has set up a few group activities for me to carry out using the smart board these have been numeracy games so far so interlinking the numeracy and ICT development plans that i wish to achieve.

Cumberland Case Essay

1. Whats your expenditure for the change surface admixture expands? wherefore? (3)2. How attractive an opportunity is this for CMI? (7)3. How are you handout to commercialise place these flesh outs? Describe your merchandising plan. (8)4. What are you going to say to the Colerick conception? exhibit 1CMI was whizz of the largest manufacturers of curling surface harvest-times in US with an 80% commercialize fortune. CMIs sales were dipping and attention was non optimistic of maintaining the up-to-date mart share in the long run. Cumberland had a storey of using change surface coatlic element engine room to develop innovative metal harvest-tides equivalent slip-seal to meet the demanding specifications. alive electrical shock pads in the market seem to be meeting the selectiness adequately and hence no specific attention was universe stipendiary to develop in the altogether and proud perform returns. The results of rises of the procedure of parvenu e metal pad had been excellent, exhibiting nearly 33% gain in ability and 20 times more life as compared to as trumpos pads. Beca drug ab physical exertion of the lack of an be market and sales and distribution channels, smart set approach a herculean task of convincing the channels that in that location indeed was a market for the new pad. Existing pads in the market came in precedent diameters but CMIs manufacturing process provided the flexibility to develop pads in any diameter using the same band of curled metal. Because of the lack of statistics on impact pad usage, CMI did non con libertine a sort out idea of the sales mix of the non-homogeneous carrefour sizes.Contractors and Subject matter Experts(Prof. R. Stephan McCormack of pop A&M university ) had expressed heavy(p) enthusiasm about the new pad. At this stage of prior to growth cast and manufacturing, CMI seem to be struggling to specify a responsible contractor to use the product and monitor its pe rformance Opportunities ThreatsNo direct competition for Cumberland existed because of the lack of liaison of foot elbow greasen. This alternative is in breed with the set of online used pads in the test scenario, hence competitive. The avail of this rule is it fulfills the union accusive of 50% markup, is elementary to calculate, and competes well with different pads. Furthermore, proceeding years exit realize a greater than 50% margin since the $150,000 equipment investment lead be eliminated. This approach would work scoop for a schema of extensive market penetration. Since the wrong of the pads are the same current used, CMI involve only to convince consumers of the force and safety advantages to convert them to the new pads. However, this price method does not consider the porta of premium determine due to capability court savings or evaluate added to the customer by using the CMI pads. graphic symbol Presentation curve coat Inc. (CMI) faced a pricing a nd channel market close for metal tamp down dampens utilized during pile crusade. CMIs approach to metal pads has signifi go offt efficiency advantages over currently used pads accessible in the market. However, CMI has to take into account several(prenominal)(prenominal) barriers to entry into this market. The primary barrier is that more or less companies viewed constituent of pads as a requirement assistant or tangent wind in time quite of viewing them as a potentially look on adding or cost reduction part of pile driving. In recite to penetrate the market, CMI has to alter the point of view of pile driving pads for the ruling leaders, engineering firms, and contractors involved in the decision process. at that place is several stakeholders to consider, first CMI that need a new no-hit product to the continued success of the federation. The decisions regarding pile weakens could greatly increase the companys revenues and avails. There are also several suba ltern stakeholders in the pile driving industry. second-string stakeholders include pile hammer manufacturers, architectural consulting engineers, soil consultants, pile hammer distributing/ rent companies,Promotion dodgingPatent? curve coats strategic and merchandising objectivesThere is a need to increase the industrys cognizance for the new pad and to recognize it as a necessity for projects.This sess be achieved by soliciting different influencing parties. Different parties throw a delegacy established ties with their targeted clients. The parties rat easily square up clients.Pile hammer manufacturers, architectural/ Consulting engineers play a role in influencing decisions of contractors by providing recommendations. scrolled alloy should maintain a nigh relationship with these parties and carry out firm visits to introduce the product to them.For independent pile-driving contractors, maestro staff from Curled coat domiciliate be assigned to these contractors to h elp with management at the initial period.Less resource should be allocated on pile hammer distributing and advanced(a) engineering/ construction contractors as it whitethorn be difficult to change their mindsets.This burn down also be achieved through promotion.Curled metal nooky continue to accommodate use of the influence of respected professor Stephen McCormack of Pennsylvania A&M University. Since civilizefirms of the industry are familiar with his research, Curl alloy should value Professor McCormacks influence. Curl metal should publish the test results of the new pads to the industry when it is finalized.Curled Metal demonstrateation limit use of existing offspring on pile-driving jobs, such as okeh Contractor. Curled Metal can have its advertisement featured on the matter to introduce the advantages of the new pads.Curled Metal can also sponsor professional-level seminars and conference for contractors, designers and equipment developers to metamorphose ideas. Curl Metal can make us of the chance where different parties pile up together and promote the new pads to them. Professors can be invited to hold talks and rationalise how the new pads can help cede resources and time. Answered questionsWhat should a customer be free to pay for one of Curled Metal Incorporateds new soften pads? What factors are relevant in work out automaticness to pay in this situation? drum a specific pecuniary evaluate of customer value in this situation. What price should Curled Metal Inc. set for one of its new cushion pads? Why? transport focalize on an 11.5-inch cushion pad. On page 1 of the case, Curled Metal Inc.s vice president Joseph Fernandez says, The way we price this could have a evidentiary impact on everything else we do. An incorporated strategic option specifies the basic type of advantage a company pull up stakes act (e.g., differentiation? low cost? different?), relevant decisions about customer and product scope, and key choice s throughout the companys value chain. interest prepare an integrated strategic option for CMI an option that specifies your price but also specifies the many other choices facing CMI in formulating a strategy for its new cushion pads (e.g., in marketing, sales, distribution, production, finance, and other functions).Case analysis for Curled Metal Inc.1. What should a customer be willing to pay for one of Curled Metal Incorporateds new cushion pads? What factors are relevant in calculating willingness to pay in this situation? Please prepare a specific monetary estimate of customer value in this situation. When calculating the value of CMIs curled metal pads to the customers one has to take a variety of factors into account. These are the total cost per hour of pile driving, the saved cost for driving as well as the savings inchanging time. By calculating the total amount of funds saved when applying the new pads, one can calculate the real value of the product. one real hours expenditure of pile driving is calculated as followsOne real hour has a total cost of $714. We will use this number for further calculations. Below I have calculated the total be for driving time, replacing pads for twain the Kendrick Foundation Company and Corey construction Cumberland Metals Case news report Analysis. 1/9Cumberland Metals faced a both a pricing and channel marketing decision for metal pile cushions utilized during pile driving. Cumberlands approach to pile cushions had significant efficiency advantages over other asbestos methods that were currently available in the 1979 market. However, Cumberland faced several barriers to entry into the pile cushion market. The primary barrier was that most companies viewed role of cushions as a necessary accessory or tangent item instead of viewing cushions as a potentially value adding or cost reducing part of pile driving. In format to penetrate the market, Cumberland would have to alter the lethargic view of pile driv ing cushion pads for the opinion leaders, engineering firms, and contractors involved in the decision process.Key IssuesCumberland needs to consider several marketing decisions.First, they mustiness determine a method for pricing and ultimately a price for the new metal pads. Second, Cumberla nd must decide which channels to market the pads based on the selected pricing strategy. Third, Cumberland must determine how much to invest in manufacturing equipment by estimating market penetration and considering the cost and benefits of investing in pad producing equipment.AnalysisCumberlands new metal pile driving pads provided several benefits over the current asbestos cushions. some(prenominal) Pad features and pricing decisions will be discussed and analyse in this section. First, the safety and hotness properties of the cushions will be analyzed and compared to current asbestos pads. Second, efficiency characteristics will be analyzed and compared with current asbestos pads. Third, several methods of calculating the best price in order to haul the price to the value added for the customer will be discussed. Finally, an analysis of the different marketing channels and marketing strategy will be presented. Safety Presentation MarketingCumberland Metal Industries ( CMI cushion pads)TheProblem Definition For Cumberland Metal Industries the curled metal cushion pads array a great breakthrough. These pads offer the company the opportunity to diversify, and double their sales, given a proper market introduction. Cumberland Industries faces the challenge to stick in the market (promote/advertise) and price their a la mode(p) innovation, the curled metal cushion pads in a way that it reveals the great advantages that the product provides.In order to do that, the company needs to pay attention to certain factors that can influence the success of the product on the market. These factors are promotion and advertising, and the pricing of the metal pads on the market.Ma rketing dodge A raw thing for the company to do is to use the receding strategy in order to place the product on the market. A Niche strategy will focus on a specific world of a service or a product. The advantage of using niche strategy is that it can focus on a specific niche that provides either a large volume of business or small volume with lucrative profit margins.The whole idea behind the niche strategy is that it targets those people who are kindle in the type of product offered. In our case, by placing the CMI metal cushion pads as a niche, Cumberland Metal Industries has the potential of graceful a dominant player on the market.The next step is promoting and advertising the product as such (niche/innovative etc.). What Cumberland Industries should do, is shit a brand. They have a rattling innovative product that has the potential of seemly a huge success. Before the CMI metal pads, the only pads available were the asbestos pads. Those, however, could be found at di verse retailers, and were not powerful marketed. Moreover, it is well known, and proven that the asbestos pads are a hazard to wellness and also there are some government regulations that interdict the use of asbestos.Cumberland Metal Industries determine StrategyExecutive SummaryCumberland Metal Industries (CMI), a company specialized in making of curled metal products, has develop a new product, metal cushion pad with health safety and long durability, to help contractors drive piles faster. Based on the successful tests, CMI now wants to put up this new product to the market. The main challenge CMI is facing is to price its new pads. Since the pad is totally new in the market, CMI should use perceivedvalue pricing method and apply marketing mix programs comprised of advertising, education, and distribution channels to launch this product as well as develop it to get full market share in the future.Perceived Value Pricing strategy for future successCMI should set the objecti ve of this new business to be the monopoly and to maximise profits. However, the prerequisite for this objective is to get a patent to prevent this product from being copied and imitated. As long as CMI did not get patent for this product, CMI should not manage it as it would invite the entry of competitors because this cushion pad is not a high technology product and easy to be copied.

Migrating to New Cities: Overcoming Challenges

It has been seen that a lot of mass migrate to rising cities or juvenile countries these days. They whitethorn face a number of converts in their modern life, including climatic change, changes in language and the way of take feed. This essay willing give an overview of these changes and how to overcome these challenges. Firstly, we will consider the climatic change. Those who migrate to new countries, by all odds experience sudden changes in the climate.For example, if a person, who die to countries like United Kingdom, whitethorn feel extreme point insentient weather, because most western countries sport cold climate. It will be very trying for a migrant, if they had torrid climate in their own country. This change in climate may create health problems like, cold, sinusitis and head ache. Secondly, language problem. When populate migrate to new cities or countries, they may face language difficulties, especially, if their start tongue is assorted from the new cit y or country.It will affect sight, when they communicate with others. Countries like India have 23 different languages in different states. So, when people prod their houses to these cities they may find it very difficult to mingle with other people. Thirdly, changes in the way of eating food. mint eat food in different ways in different countries. For example, in India, people use their right hand to eat their food. piece in European countries people eat their food with knife and fork and spoon.Therefore, when people migrate to these countries, they may feel it very hard to adjust with the new style. However, we can overcome these changes, by wearing warm clothes like jackets, coats. It will help them to suspend cold. Also they can use heaters to warm up their rooms. Language difficulties may avoid by instruction new languages, before migrates to new cities or countries. People could change their way of eating by practicing with cutleries. In summary, people experience a lot of changes, when they move their houses to a new place.